Invention Team John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley di

The Datasheet Archive - 100 Million Datasheets from 7500 Manufacturers.

Invention Team John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley di

Datasheet Thumbnail

Top Searches for this datasheet

Bell Labs celebrates years Transistor
Invention Team
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley discovered transistor effect developed first device December, 1947, while three were members technical staff Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, They were awarded Nobel Prize physics 1956.
John Bardeen (1908-1987)
brilliant theorist, Bardeen brought keen understanding transistor team explaining effects found early transistor experiments. Bardeen, born raised Madison, Wisconsin, obtained Ph.D. mathematics physics from Princeton University 1936. staff member University Minnesota, Minneapolis, from 1938 1941, served principal physicist Naval Ordinance Laboratory Washington, during World after which joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. introduction semiconductors came just after war, late 1945, when joined Bell Laboratories research group solid-state physics, which being formed under leadership Stanley Morgan William Shockley," Bardeen once related. "Following Ph.D. under Eugene Wigner Princeton post-doctoral years with John Vleck Harvard, been interested theory metals before anxious back solid-state physics after five years Naval Ordnance Laboratory Washington." While Harvard, Bardeen become friends with James Fisk, 1945 director research Bell Labs. Bardeen also knew Shockley when graduate student M.I.T. they persuaded join group rather than return academic post Minnesota. first outsider recruited; rest initial group been Bell Laboratories some years." There conducted research electron-conducting properties semiconductors. This work invention transistor. "Conditions were rather crowded when arrived Murray Hill, laboratory. wind-up World research still going on." said building under construction, asked share office with Walter Brattain Gerald Pearson.
known Walter since graduate student days Princeton. Although that time decided what field solid-state physics would work they soon interested their problems became deeply engrossed trying learn what known about semiconductor theory." Bardeen Nobel prize 1956 co-inventor transistor, again 1972 co-developer theory superconductivity temperatures. Bardeen left Bell Labs 1951 join faculty University Illinois, where dedicated himself research superconductivity. died
Walter Brattain (1902-1987)
ingenious experimenter, Walter Brattain's creativity persistence enabled team triumph over difficult technical obstacles demonstrate transistor effect. Brattain, born Amoy, China raised Washington State, received Ph.D. from University Minnesota physics. distinguished member technical staff Bell Labs from 1929 retirement 1962. From 1962 1972 professor visiting lecturer alma mater, Whitman College Walla Walla, Washington. also visiting lecturer Harvard University, University Minnesota, University Washington. During long distinguished career, Brattain's chief field research involved investigations into surface properties solids, particularly atomic structure material surface, which usually differs from atomic structure interior. Brattain also discovered photo effect free surface semiconductor instrumental work leading better understanding surface properties germanium. "Since oldest three Nobel Prize winners, that happened lifetime," once said. Indeed, when joined Bell Labs organization only four years old. said that after fellow worker, Becker looked using copper oxide rectifier basis triode, understatement that results look promising. somewhat amused when, year later, Shockley came with idea making amplifier copper oxide." Brattain tried, admitted, "This attempt successful." noted, "The research work understand what really going simplest semiconductors, silicon germanium, finally resulted breakthrough," perhaps minute soon, since admitted, "after fourteen years work beginning lose faith. never felt pressure from management discontinue work change fields." 1937, when announced that another Bell Labs researcher, Davisson, Nobel Prize, Brattain watching news services took pictures movies him. During break, Davisson walked over said, `Don't worry, Walter, you'll someday.' Little know that would come when he'd people nominate prize."
came very close, however, being around when semiconductor research team being together. During depression, next list people conditions worse, later convince research vice president that preferred research supervising others. applications transistor that Brattain most proud development transistor radio. "This made possible even most underprivileged people listen. Nomads Asia, Indians Andes, natives Haiti have these radios, night they gather together listen." added, "All peoples now, within limits, listen what they wish, independent what dictatorial leaders might want them hear." admit wasn't particularly pleased listen very loud rock roll. died when
William Shockley (1910-1989)
brilliant director transistor effort, William Shockley's research behavior electronics crystals introduced Bardeen Brattain, aided experimentation build working models transistor mechanisms. Spurned their demonstration working point-contact transistor, Shockley created junction transistor, which became fundamental structure transistor developments come. Shockley, born London raised Palo Alto, received Ph.D. solidstate physics from Massachusetts Institute Technology 1932 joined staff Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, 1936. Mervin Kelly, then director research later vice president, lured Shockley Bell Labs promising could work with Davisson, 1937 Nobel Prize work physics. didn't start working Davisson, wound Kelly's vacuum tube department instead. Within year, however, Shockley pressed resume research behavior electrons crystals, "and management policy flexible enough allow make change. This research introduced Walter Brattain." During World served director research Antisubmarine Warfare Operations Research Group Navy. After war, returned Bell Telephone Laboratories co-head solid-state research group, "and important goal group making solid-state amplifier structures that would work." suggested devices using principles like pre-war idea," rectification mechanisms copper oxide. "They failed," Shockley declared. "But this time failure creative." From work, said, "Bardeen explained failure terms surface states that produced Schottky barrier free surface." "Our [earlier] failure make transistor creative," said." research scientific aspects Bardeen's surface states." noted, "The managerial optimizing interaction between pure applied research what makes Bell Labs eminent leader innovation."
work invention junction transistor. "Exploiting potential caused many headaches," said. colleague called `persistor,' because persistence what took make it-several years improved experimental facilities were needed before really good ones were fabricated. three years later, first microwatt junction transistors were what really inaugurated transistor era." Shockley left Bell Labs 1955 establish Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory (part Beckman Instruments, Inc.), effort that instrumental birth Silicon Valley electronics industry. Several former employees left company found what later became Intel, most successful microprocessor company world. Shockley later became distinguished professor electrical engineering Stanford University. died

Invention Team John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley di

Top Searches for this datasheet

Other recent searches