Scope this application note, related sources Questions Answers: Q&As b

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Frequently asked questions about mixers
Scope this application note, related sources Questions Answers: Q&As below cover general topics frequency mixers. Q&As relating process selecting mixer from among many that available included another application note entitled, "How Select Mixer". Additionally, please refer application note, "Frequently Asked Questions about Phase Detectors", which includes Q&As relating mixers phase detectors. have application requiring mixers with coaxial connectors; female input male output. such mixer available? standard model. However, specify male connector port, additional charge. Generally, connector change requires feasibility evaluation assignment special model number. Please contact your application requires connectors other than those shown website. application requires mixer with coaxial connectors mounting bracket. What model recommended? Most Mini-Circuits connector-style mixers available with mounting bracket. Some, such ZX05 series, have bracket integral with case design. Generally, data sheet identifies suffix added basic model number when that necessary ordering. example, ZAD-2+ with mounting bracket would ordered ZAD2B+ ZAD-2BR+ depending upon bracket configuration. I've selected mixer whose Harmonics table website shows products will meet design requirements. However, concerned that power variations into trouble. sure design? Upon request, Mini-Circuits test mixer want power pertinent variation anticipate your application, provide with data. need mixer that perform with level even lower. What suggest? Mini-Circuits mixers that include built-in amplifier input path, excellent performance achieved with input dBm. Examples, with their nominal levels, are: MACA-242H+ dBm, 2400 MHz), MACA-63H+ dBm, GHz), UNCL-L1 dBm, MHz). Also, consider Level series mixers that perform well even dBm, without requiring power.
AN-00-011 Rev.: M119891 (10/09/08) File: AN00011.doc This document contents property Mini-Circuits.
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Data sheets mixers list (third-order intermodulation intercept) specifications. Does this refer input output mixer? down-converting mixers such LAVI-17VH+ referred input. up-converting mixers such LAVI-U252VH+ referred input. application dictates welded metal-case mixer, manufacturing process requires components surface-mount. What would recommend? Consider Mini-Circuits TUF-SM series, most rugged metal-case surface-mount mixers world, with welded internal external construction. 0.25-inch TUF-SM units employ only four gull-wing leads simplify lead placement boards. mixers that "termination insensitive". They quite expensive frankly, can't afford them current design assignment. have alternatives? Yes, involves trade-off, which fact could lower your costs much 10:1 over "termination-insensitive" mixer actually offer lower distortion, provided your system design tolerate additional conversion loss. Here's alternative: Select Mini-Circuits mixer with level that provides acceptable distortion performance (refer application note, Select Mixer), meets your other requirements. Then, 3-dB attenuator low-cost GAT, LAT, series (surface-mount), HAT, UNAT, series (coaxial) output. combination performs well "termination-insensitive" model lower price and, addition, optimized drive level minimum distortion fits your frequency range. What's catch? Mini-Circuits mixer selected probably conversion loss adding 3-dB attenuator results overall loss This about higher than typical "termination-insensitive" mixer. your design tolerate this slight degradation, have viable alternative. digital designer, dealing with pulses rather than sine waves. necessary furnish only sine waves double-balanced mixer? double-balanced mixer operates switching device; pulses fine, even reduce distortion. mixer specs given normalized frequency ranges. clarify such terms octave from band-edge, lower band-edge decade higher, upper band-edge octave lower? normalize frequency spec sheets, frequency range wide-band mixers divided into three parts, lower frequency range, covers lowest specified frequency decade higher (ten times lowest frequency). upper frequency range, covers highest frequency octave lower (one-half highest frequency). mid-range, covers high low-frequency range high-frequency range. example, mixer covering 0.5-500 would have following divisions: MHz, MHz, MHz. Many mixer specs distinguish "mid-frequency" range (lower-case) covering times lowest frequency one-half highest frequency, this example.
AN-00-011 Rev.: M119891 (10/09/08) File: AN00011.doc This document contents property Mini-Circuits.
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Double-balanced mixers don't seem cluttered with bulky expensive filters. come? inherent isolation between ports make filters unnecessary. Thus, double-balanced mixers operated over wide bandwidth with very high isolation; typical lower frequencies. dealing with low-level 1000 signals distortion must. have amplifier following mixer. Should concerned with amplifier input impedance? amplifier input does appear 50-ohms, there will reflections back port mixer that cause distortion products. need attenuate frequencies, from MHz, diode attenuators won't job. double-balanced mixer this application? Yes. current flowing through port provide isolation attenuation between ports. With current through port, maximum attenuation more) exists between ports. port current flow increases, attenuation decreases about basic double-balanced mixer uses four more diodes symmetrical arrangement. diagnose defective mixer? Measure LO-RF isolation frequency range lower). isolation less than diodes probably shorted leaky. Then, check conversion loss. leaky diode would increase conversion loss open diode much need phase detector that operates frequencies higher than phase detector models Mini-Circuits offers, that there mixers covering higher frequencies. mixer phase detector? Yes, provided attention paid certain details. These dealt with application note "Frequently asked questions" listed under Phase Detectors website. safe test diodes double-balanced mixer using digital multimeter? Yes. When multimeter polarity back-biases diode, simultaneously forwardbiases other diodes that protect back-biased diode. What thermal resistance maximum junction temperature mixer, such ADE-1L? semiconductor diodes Model ADE-1L have power derating curve total 25°C zero 150°C. From this, thermal resistance taken nominally inverse derating: (150 0.3W 417°C watt. Maximum operating temperature ADE-1L 85°C, maximum input power plus Using above value thermal resistance, maximum junction temperature rating 85°C 0.05W 417°C watt 106°C.
AN-00-011 Rev.: M119891 (10/09/08) File: AN00011.doc This document contents property Mini-Circuits.
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have signal around 2.45 that want up-convert GHz. frequency 2.45 this? receive, 2.45 downconvert signal back original frequency? What problems could occur? up-conversion second harmonic will fall signal frequency. Using SIM-83+ mixer example with input, harmonic will only about below output close frequency filtered. down-conversion, suppose being received, with conversion loss LO-IF isolation, output -10dBm dBm, leakage +7dBm 23dB dBm: same level desired would better 7.35 down-conversion avoid this problem. Mini-Circuits mixers characterized 50-ohm system. need together 75-ohm prototype subsystem. What performance difference likely see? Typical conversion loss characteristics mixers shown below examples. They indicate that performance useful 75-ohm applications, differences should expected. ADE-1+ graph conversion loss less with ohms than with ohms, while ADE-11X reverse true. This caused differences impedances looking into mixer ports they react with external terminating impedance.
ADE-1+
CONVERSION LOSS FREQUENCY
50-OHM SYSTEM 75-OHM SYSTEM
ADE-11X+
CONVERSION LOSS FREQUENCY
50-OHM SYSTEM 75-OHM SYSTEM
CONV. LOSS (dB)
1000
CONV. LOSS (dB)
1000 10000
FREQUENCY (MHz)
FREQUENCY (MHz)
AN-00-011 Rev.: M119891 (10/09/08) File: AN00011.doc This document contents property Mini-Circuits.
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