2007-11 Concept Behind Solar Cell Power Generation Solar cel

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2007-11 Concept Behind Solar Cell Power Generation Solar cel

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Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells Amorphous Photosensors
2007-11
Concept Behind Solar Cell Power Generation
Solar cell power generated using photovoltaic effect semiconductors. When semiconductor exposed light source suitable intensity, large number pairs electron positive hole generated result reciprocal action between photons silicon atoms. junction between different semiconductor materials, electrons diffused n-type material positive holes scattered p-type material. They then collected both electrodes respectively, resulting voltage difference between electrodes. When external load connected, electricity flows through load. this way, a-Si solar cell converts light energy into electricity supplies power external loads.
Light Transparent electrode
Metal Electron electrode Positive hole
Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
Solar cells classified according material employed, i.e., crystal silicon, amorphous silicon, compound semiconductor solar cells. "Amorphous" refers objects having definite shape defined non-crystal material. Unlike crystal silicon, which atomic arrangements regular, amorphous silicon features irregular atomic arrangements shown figures below. result, reciprocal action between photons silicon atoms occurs more frequently amorphous silicon than crystal silicon, allowing much more light absorbed. Thus, ultrathin amorphous silicon film less than produced used power generation. Also, utilizing metal plastics substrate, flexible solar cells produced. Amorton integrated amorphous silicon solar cell which been developed SANYO. Amorton uses silane (SiH4) source fabricated using plasma method. Three amorphous silicon layers p-layer, i-layer, n-layer formed consecutively glass substrate. This p-i-n junction corresponds junction crystal silicon solar cell. process this junction formation, number cells connected series substrate time. This allows desired voltage obtained variety equipment operation. Amorphous Crystal
development solar cell progressing with rapid speed. energy tool which effectively harness amazing power sunlight, solar cells have potential replace fossil fuels main means power generation. Solar energy both clean inexhaustible resource, used produce electricity wherever whenever sunlight available. these technologies, amorphous silicon solar cells have many strengths that surpass those earlier crystalline silicon solar cells. addition, they require little energy manufacture less materials, thus truly environmentally friendly devices. This technology also allows larger area cells manufactured take advantage flexibility thin film materials, they have already been used wide range applications. SANYO first companies focus amorphous silicon solar cells, developed mass producing Amorton integrated type amorphous silicon solar cells that feature device structure.
Electric current
Load
Features Amorton
Place used Substrate Feature
price (basic substrate) Thin, light weight, unbreakable, easily formed arbitrary shapes, highly precise dimensions Thin, light weight, unbreakable, bendable, easily formed arbitrary shapes price (basic substrate) Thin, light weight, unbreakable, easily formed arbitrary shapes, highly precise dimensions Thin, light weight, unbreakable, bendable, easily formed arbitrary shapes
Solar cells with variety voltages created
Reference
Page
Contact your SANYO representative. Contact your SANYO representative.
Glass
Indoors
Since, unlike fabrication technique used with crystalline solar cells which cells apart then connected, multiple cells connected series same time cells formed, easy create batteries with variety voltages. (This series connection idea same that used with regular batteries.)
Solar cells with variety shapes created
methods used form amorphous films have special features that allow other substrates, such stainless steel plastic films, used place usual glass substrate. This means that previously unknown solar cells, solar cells that round, square, complex shape, solar cells that bent, created. also possible create areas these solar cells that consist just transparent glass etching.
Stainless steel Film Glass
Page
Contact your SANYO representative.
High sensitivity visible light region
human sensitive light with wavelengths from about Since amorphous silicon solar cells sensitive light with essentially same wavelengths, addition solar cells, they also used visible light sensors.
Outdoors
Stainless steel Film
Page
Visible light sensor
Support designs with arbitrary sizes patterns required application
Page
Application Examples
Contact: person charge Amorton products TEL.03-3837-6306
Relationship between illumination level output
figure shows relationship between illumination level output. There enormous difference between illumination levels indoors outdoors. SANYO provides types products, indoor products illumination levels common indoor environments outdoor products high illumination levels common outdoors.
Output (current) comparison 1000
Electronic calculators
Wristwatches (Solar watches)
Clocks
Stopwatches
Outdoor products Indoor products
Dining rooms, coffee shops Offices, meeting rooms
Garden lights
Illumination 100000 [lux]
Bright Direct
Sensor lights
accessories
1000
Drafting tables
10000
Rain Cloudy
Relationships between number rows cell cell area (Illumination level constant.)
Current
Battery chargers
[Example] 1cm2 cell 1cm2 rows cell 2cm2 cell
Mobile equipment such cell phones
products
blinkers
(Curbstone markers)
SANYO support other applications well. Contact your SANYO representative consultation.
Voltage
Amorton List (Glass Substrate)
General-Purpose Products
Specifications Indoor products
Model
Typical operating characteristics (Initial) FL-200lux FL-50lux (Reference value) External dimensions (mm) Weight
Amorton Film
Amorton Film exceptionally thin, light flexible amorphous silicon solar cell fabricated plastic film. addition these advantages, Amorton Film also resistant crack. standard configuration includes protective film covering amorphous silicon solar cell which measures about 0.4mm overall thickness.
require Amorton other than this list, please consult
Light Protective film Grid electrode a-Si Metal electrode Plastic film substrate Protective film
AM-1456 AM-1411 AM-1437 AM-1407 AM-1417 AM-1424 AM-1454 AM-1513 AM-1805 AM-1801 AM-1815 AM-1816
5.3A 8.0A 8.0A 11.5A 12.5A 20.0A 31.0A 15.0A 15.5A 18.5A 42.0A 84.0A
1.30A 2.00A 2.00A 2.85A 3.10A 5.00A 7.75A 3.75A 3.85A 4.60A 10.50A 21.00A
25.010.0 29.611.8 29.611.8 38.012.5 35.013.9 53.013.8 41.626.3 55.013.5 55.020.0 53.025.0 58.148.6 96.756.7
15.6
Model
General-Purpose Products
Specifications
100mW/cm2
Typical operating characteristics (Initial)
Amorton Film Configuration
SS-50k (Initial)
Typical operating characteristics (Initial)
Indoor products (for high illumination levels)
Model
Typical operating characteristics (Initial) FL-200lux SS-10k (Reference value) External dimensions (mm) Weight
Pmax (Vop-Iop)
Pmax (Vop-Iop)
External dimensions (mm)
Weight
AT-7665 AT-7664 AT-7666 AT-7963 AT-7S63 AT-7S64
3.0V- 38.6mA 3.0V- 104.0mA 3.0V- 343.0mA 4.5V- 223.0mA 15.0V- 134.0mA 15.0V- 269.0mA
125mW (3.6V- 34.7mA) 335mW (3.6V- 93.0mA) 1109mW (3.6V- 308.2mA) 1083mW (5.4V- 200.6mA)
3.0V- 17.3mA 3.0V- 46.5mA 3.0V- 154.0mA 4.5V- 100.0mA
58mW (3.6V- 16.2mA) 156mW (3.6V- 43.3mA) 517mW (3.6V-143.6mA) 505mW (5.4V- 93.5mA) 980mW (16.8V- 58.3mA) 1960mW (16.8V-116.7mA)
58.4 56.0 73.0112.0 146.0167.5 146.0167.5 292.0168.0 292.0336.0
AM-1819 AM-1820
3.0V3.0V-
6.9A 13.3A
4.0V4.0V-
0.41mA 0.79mA
31.024.0 43.026.0
Glass thickness 1.1mm. White fluorescent lamp
Solar simulator
Outdoor products
Model 100mW/cm2
Typical operating characteristics (Initial)
2104mW (16.8V- 125.2mA) 15.0V- 60.5mA 4208mW (16.8V- 250.4mA) 15.0V- 121.0mA
SS-50k (Initial)
Typical operating characteristics (Initial)
Pmax (Vop-Iop)
Pmax (Vop-Iop)
External dimensions (mm)
Weight
AM-5308 AM-5302 AM-5413 AM-5412 AM-5610 AM-5613 AM-5608 AM-5605 AM-8706 AM-8704 AM-8705 AM-8703 AM-5710 AM-8702 AM-5706 AM-8701 AM-5815 AM-5812 AM-5813 AM-8804 AM-5814 AM-8801 AM-5904 AM-5912 AM-5909 AM-5914 AM-5913 AM-5907 AM-5902 AM-7A03 AM-7D08 AM-5E02 AM-7E04 AM-5S06 AM-7S03
(1.7V- 68.8mA) (1.7V- 105.0mA) (2.2V- 16.7mA) (2.2V- 39.8mA) (3.3V5.1mA) (3.3V- 31.6mA) (3.3V- 36.0mA) (3.3V- 115.4mA) (3.9V- 19.9mA) (3.9V- 23.8mA) (3.9V- 26.9mA) (3.9V- 32.1mA) (3.9V- 32.6mA) (3.9V- 34.4mA) (3.9V- 45.9mA) (3.9V- 46.6mA) (4.5V2.5mA) (4.5V- 19.8mA) (4.5V- 25.0mA) (4.5V- 33.3mA) (4.5V- 38.6mA) (4.5V- 41.9mA) (5.0V9.9mA) (5.0V- 15.3mA) (5.0V- 22.2mA) (5.0V- 23.1mA) (5.0V- 30.1mA) (5.0V- 45.7mA) (5.0V- 60.8mA) (5.5V- 227.0mA) (7.2V- 172.0mA) (7.7V- 23.2mA) (7.7V- 104.0mA) (15.4V- 11.4mA) (15.4V- 70.0mA)
117mW (1.9V- 61.5mA) 181mW (1.9V- 95.5mA) 39mW (2.6V- 15.0mA) 93mW (2.6V- 35.8mA) 18mW (3.9V4.6mA) 110mW (3.9V- 28.2mA) 125mW (3.9V- 32.0mA) 401mW (3.9V- 102.7mA) 81mW (4.6V- 17.7mA) 97mW (4.6V- 21.0mA) 109mW (4.6V- 23.8mA) 131mW (4.6V- 28.5mA) 134mW (4.6V- 29.0mA) 140mW (4.6V- 30.5mA) 186mW (4.6V- 40.5mA) 190mW (4.6V- 41.2mA) 12mW (5.2V2.3mA) 93mW (5.2V- 17.8mA) 117mW (5.2V- 22.6mA) 156mW (5.2V- 30.0mA) 180mW (5.2V- 34.7mA) 196mW (5.2V- 37.7mA) 52mW (5.9V8.7mA) 80mW (5.9V- 13.6mA) 116mW (5.9V- 19.6mA) 121mW (5.9V- 20.4mA) 157mW (5.9V- 26.6mA) 241mW (5.9V- 40.8mA) 317mW (5.9V- 53.7mA) 1336mW (6.6V- 202.3mA) 1303mW (8.5V- 153.2mA) 189mW (9.2V- 20.5mA) 852mW (9.2V- 92.6mA) 188mW(18.4V- 10.2mA) 1133mW(18.4V- 61.6mA)
31.1mA) 47.0mA) 7.5mA) 17.9mA) 2.3mA) 14.5mA) 16.5mA) 52.9mA) 9.0mA) 10.7mA) 12.1mA) 14.5mA) 14.7mA) 15.5mA) 21.0mA) 21.0mA) 1.1mA) 8.9mA) 11.3mA) 15.1mA) 17.4mA) 18.9mA) 4.5mA) 7.0mA) 10.1mA) 10.6mA) 13.8mA) 20.6mA) 27.8mA) 85.0mA) 10.6mA) 50.0mA) 5.1mA) 34.5mA)
58mW (1.9V86mW (1.9V18mW (2.6V44mW (2.6V8mW (3.9V52mW (3.9V59mW (3.9V189mW (3.9V39mW (4.6V46mW (4.6V52mW (4.6V62mW (4.6V63mW (4.6V67mW (4.6V88mW (4.6V90mW (4.6V6mW (5.2V44mW (5.2V55mW (5.2V74mW (5.2V85mW (5.2V93mW (5.2V24mW (5.9V38mW (5.9V55mW (5.9V57mW (5.9V74mW (5.9V114mW (5.9V150mW (5.9V684mW (8.5V89mW (9.2V447mW (9.2V89mW (18.4V595mW (18.4V-
29.2mA) 45.1mA) 7.1mA) 16.9mA) 2.2mA) 13.3mA) 15.1mA) 48.6mA) 8.3mA) 9.9mA) 11.3mA) 13.4mA) 13.7mA) 14.4mA) 19.1mA) 19.4mA) 1.1mA) 8.4mA) 10.7mA) 14.2mA) 16.4mA) 17.8mA) 4.1mA) 6.4mA) 9.3mA) 9.7mA) 12.6mA) 19.3mA) 25.4mA) 80.5mA) 9.7mA) 48.6mA) 4.8mA) 32.4mA)
50.1 33.0 50.1 25.0 60.1 60.1 36.1 41.2 36.1 41.2 62.3 57.7 70.0 57.7 31.8 59.0 41.2 48.1 55.1 57.7 40.1 42.9 60.1 50.1 60.1 75.0 150.0
47.2 23.9 33.1 20.0 36.7 41.3 41.3 41.3 55.1 55.1 37.0 41.3 50.0 55.1 10.8 28.7 60.2 55.1 60.1 55.1 33.1 47.2 41.3 55.1 55.1 55.0 37.5
16.3 11.0 32.5 15.5 11.0 14.7 18.3 25.0 110.0 110.0 18.3 74.0 10.0 110.0
31.2 117.8
Amorton Products Watches
Amorton Stainless steel Products Watches
Film Glass
price (basic substrate) Thin, light weight, unbreakable, easily formed arbitrary shapes, highly precise dimensions Thin, light weight, unbreakable, bendable, easily formed arbitrary shapes
62.3 117.8
SANYO Amorton products widely used solar watches. SANYO provide custom Amorton products match shape watch (watch face characters special designs). SANYO provide evaluation samples each different substrates. Contact your SANYO representative consultation.
Stainless steel
Glass
Film
Specifications (evaluation samples)
Operating electric characteristics (Initial)
FL-200lux)
Model
Type
Operating voltage
Operating current
External dimensions (mm)
Weight
(5.5V- 113.0mA)
702mW (6.6V- 106.3mA)
150.0 165.0 150.0 165.0 75.0 124.5 55.0 29.5 150.0 110.0 150.0 165.0
AL-2402 AM-2709 AT-2400B AT-2600B
Stainless steel Glass Film Film
10.1 18.5 11.6
27.2 30.8 26.3 26.8 26.3 26.8
Note: above table shows standard weights without lead.
Glass thickness marks model 1.1mm. Glass thickness without marks model 1.8mm. White fluorescent lamp Solar simulator
Features Amorton
features Amorton shown current-voltage curve figure. curve changes depending incident light intensity surrounding temperature.
Current
Output Characteristics outdoor Amorton
Natural light ranges illuminance from 10,000 100,000 Typical Cell Characteristics (25°C) (AM-1.5, 100mW/cm2) more. Amorton suitable outdoors Open-circuit Maximum Short-circuit voltage output current compact equipment such chargers.
0.89V/cell 14.8mA/cm
Light source
7.89mW/cm
AM-1.5,100mW/cm
Pmax
open-circuit voltage short-circuit current optimum operating voltage optimum operating current Pmax maximum output
25°C AM-1.5, 100mW/cm
25°C
Current [mA/cm2]
Current [mA/cm2]
Voltage
Current-Voltage Curve
Iope 1000
Output Characteristics
Output Characteristics Indoor Amorton
Artificial light, such fluorescent incandescent light, used indoors. illuminance these light sources ranges from 1,000 lux. Indoors, therefore, Amorton most suitable small equipment such electronic calculators. Please under 1,000 lux.
25°C FL200Lux
Typical Cell Characteristics (25°C)
Open-circuit voltage Short-circuit current Maximum output Light source
Voltage [V/cell]
Illuminance [103Lux] (SS)
Current Voltage Characteristics Cell
AM-1.5, 100mW/cm2
Output Illuminance Dependency Characteristics
AM-1.5, 100mW/cm2
0.63 V/cell
17.0A/cm
7.0W/cm
FL200lux
Current [mA/cm2]
Voltage [V/cell]
Iope
Iope
25°C
solar simulator (false solar light source) Voc: open-circuit voltage Isc: short-circuit current Iope: operating current Temperature coefficient Voc: -0.3%/°C Isc: +0.08%/°C Pmax: -0.2%/°C
Current [A/cm2]
Current [A/cm2]
Voltage [V/cell]
Iope
Output Temperature Dependency Characteristics
Temperature [°C]
Exposure Test (days)
Lightproof [Leaving Outdoors]
Voltage [V/cell]
Illuminance [Lux] (FL)
1000
10000
Terminal Configurations
Voltage [V/cell]
Overcoating
Current Voltage Characteristics Cell
FL200Lux
Output Illuminance Dependency Characteristics
Terminal
Indoors
Voltage [V/cell]
fluorescent light Voc: open-circuit voltage Isc: short-circuit current Iope: operating current Temperature coefficient Voc: -0.3%/°C Isc: +0.08%/°C Pmax: -0.2%/°C
Cannot soldered. heat seal usable.
Outdoors
type type type
type also possible
Current [A/cm2]
type
type
Iope
Conductive paste
Temporary solder
Lead wire
Resin coating
Lead wire attached with regular solder.
Temporary solder attached type device.
type terminal with lead wire.
pins protected with resin coating after leads attached
Temperature [°C]
Output Temperature Dependency Characteristics
Amorton Photosensors List
Model AM-30-11 AM-30-15
Number elements
Amorton Photosensors Circuit Diagram Example
Short-circuit current TYP. 17.7A*1 Center area: Around area: Center area: Around area (Inside): Around area (Outside): 80nA*2 2.8A*2 50nA*2 0.4A*2 1.3A*2 7.5A*2 1.2A*2 7.5A*2 Dark current 50mV) MAX. ----- Center area: Around area: Center area: Around area (Inside): Around area (Outside): 100pA 100pA 100pA 100pA 100pA 10pA 10pA 10pA
Circuit Diagram (Example) Amorphous photosensor amplifier Vout
External dimensions (mm) 14.0 13.0 (Glass 1.1t) 5.05 3.05 (Glass 0.7t)
amplifier detects photosensor output current convert voltage. signal linearly amplified.
AM-30-16 AM-30-28 AM-30-31 AM-30-33
5.05 3.05 (Glass 0.7t) (Glass 0.7t) (Glass 0.4t) (Glass 0.7t)
200lux, white fluorescent light 1000lux, fluorescent light color illuminator terminal configurations, refer page Effective area
Amorton Photosensors Application Example
following shows typical applications amorphous photosensors
14.0
5.05
5.05 1.15
3.05
13.0
3.05
0.88 11.9 2.15 1.72 0.84
<AM-30-11>
<AM-30-15>
<AM-30-16>
<AM-30-31>
<AM-30-28>
SANYO also provide custom products.
Adjusting Luminosity Back Light
Cellular Phone Mobile Products Navigation
Exposure Control
Camera
System Lighting Control
Street Light Garden Light
Features Amorton Photosensors
Amorphous Photosensor kind Photo Diode, detect light intensity.
Amorphous visible-light photosensor <AM-30-28> Human spectral sensitivity Single crystal silicon photosensor
1000
Relative sensitivity
<AM-30-28>
<AM-30-15>
Current
SANYO support other applications well. Contact your SANYO representative consultation.
Effective area
Wavelength [nm]
Illuminance [lux]
Spectral Sensitivity Amorphous Photosensor
Dependence Characteristics Illumination
Amorphous Photosensor Pattern Shape Example
High Sensitivity detection within visible-light spectrum
Human eyes sensitive light wavelength ranging from approximately 400nm 700nm. Amorphous photosensors have sensitivity same range provide light sensing capability similar human eyes.
Output current proportional illumination
Accurate light detection possible because output current increases proportionally illuminance.
Flexibility pattern shaping sizing
Amorphous photosensors provide flexible designing size shape your needs.
Solar Cell Output Light Sources
output solar cells differ depending categories light sources which they exposed. This because photoelectric conversion efficiency changes with respect wavelength intensity light.
Categories light sources
general light source solar cells sunlight doors, fluorescent incandescent light indoors. following outline describes various categories:
Light source Sunlight AM-0 AM-1 AM-1.5 Other Outer space (solar light global average revolution orbit) Incandescent light Artificial light General-use incandescent light, halogen lamp Daylight, white, warm white colors Mercury-vapor lamp, sodium-vapor lamp, xenon lamp
When directly overhead above level equator, Fluorescent light vertical sunlight meridian passage) When zenithal angle (Sunlight angle when directly overhead) 48.2°.
AM-2 (when zenithal angle 60°), etc. Electric discharge lamp
Brightness
When sunlight fluorescent light compared terms brightness, results shown follows:
[Light Source] Condition Direct Bright Cloudy Rain Sunlight Illuminance (lux) 100,000 120,000 50,000 100,000 10,000 5,000 50,000 20,000 Condition Design stand (partially illuminated) Office/conference room Restaurants/coffee shops Fluorescent light Illuminance (lux) Around 1,000 Below
Radiant spectrum light source spectral sensitivity solar cells
Radiant spectrum intensity (Relative value)
Sunlight spectral (AM-1.5)
a-Si solar cells
c-Si solar cells
Human spectral sensitivity
Wave length
Solar cell spectral sensitivity (Relative value)
Fluorescent light (White color)
Precautions Handling Amorton Amorphous Photosensors
scratch rear surface with hard object because could damage amorphous silicon thick active layer) causes electrical malfunction even though surface protected resin coating. careful injured with sharp edges substrate material (glass stainless steel). Employ robust airtight encapsulation when cell expected receive mechanical shocks falling objects exposed harsh weather conditions. Note shattered glass pieces cause injury humid environment damage cell. Avoid touching cell daytime because burned with heat particularly when insolation strong. touch light-receiving side with bare hands because stains surface affect electrical output. Static electricity damage cell. deemed necessary, consider proper method remove static electricity.
Store cool, low-humid environment without corrosive avoid possible damages cell.
Consider fail-safe prolixity your product design.
SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. products described contained herein are, with regard "standard application", intended general electronics equipment (home appliances, equipment, communication device, office equipment, industrial equipment etc.). products mentioned herein shall intended "special application" (medical equipment whose purpose sustain life, aerospace instrument, nuclear control device, burning appliances, transportation machine, traffic signal system, safety equipment etc.) that shall require extremely high level reliability directly threaten human lives case failure malfunction product cause harm human bodies, shall they grant guarantee thereof. should intend products applications outside standard applications customer considering such and/or outside scope intended standard applications, please consult with prior intended use. there consultation inquiry before intended use, customer shall solely responsible use. Specifications SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. products described contained herein stipulate performance, characteristics, functions described products independent state, guarantees performance, characteristics, functions described products mounted customer' products equipment. verify symptoms states that cannot evaluated independent device, customer should always evaluate test devices mounted customer' products equipment. SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. assumes responsibility equipment failures that result from using products values that exceed, even momentarily, rated values (such maximum ratings, operating condition ranges, other parameters) listed products specifications SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. products described contained herein. SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. strives supply high-quality high-reliability products, however, semiconductor products fail malfunction with some probability. possible that these probabilistic failures malfunction could give rise accidents events that could endanger human lives, trouble that could give rise smoke fire, accidents that could cause damage other property. When designing equipment, adopt safety measures that these kinds accidents events cannot occur. Such measures include limited protective circuits error prevention circuits safe design, redundant design, structural design. event that SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. products described contained herein controlled under applicable local export control laws regulations, such products require export license from authorities concerned accordance with above law. part this publication reproduced transmitted form means, electronic mechanical, including photocopying recording, information storage retrieval system, otherwise, without prior written consent SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. information described contained herein subject change without notice product/technology improvement, etc. When designing equipment, refer "Delivery Specification" SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. product that intend use. Information (including circuit diagrams circuit parameters) herein example only; guaranteed volume production. Upon using technical information products described herein, neither warranty license shall granted with regard intellectual property rights other rights SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. third party. SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. shall liable claim suits with regard third party's intellectual property rights which resulted from technical information products mentioned above.
Ordering number EP120B
SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. Website
This catalog provides information November, 2007. Specifications information herein subject change without notice.
SANYO Semiconductor Co., Ltd.

2007-11 Concept Behind Solar Cell Power Generation Solar cel

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