Freescale Technologies Energy Efficiency Overview design ele

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Freescale Technologies Energy Efficiency Overview design ele

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Because order from United States International Trade Commission, BGA-packaged product lines part numbers indicated here currently available from Freescale import sale United States prior September 2010: i.MX Product Family.
Freescale Technologies Energy Efficiency
Overview
design electronic system almost always constrained power energy considerations-whether battery life mobile device, thermal power dissipation high-performance processor ultra-low power consumption wireless sensing application. addition, recent economic forces increased environmental awareness have changed landscape product design. energy efficiency often lead discussion companies formulate product strategies. However, even though energy budgets playing larger role determining finished designs, manufacturers realize that market will allow them compromise performance. response these challenges, Freescale adopted comprehensive approach optimize products high performance within constrained energy budgets. This optimization tackled across broad front, including semiconductor process technologies, circuit design techniques, system architectures, platform configurations design methodologies. CMOS technologies, novel approaches used reduce both static (leakage) power dynamic (switching) power. This increasingly important CMOS geometries continue shrink static power becomes even larger portion total energy used. result, Freescale recognized leader design high-performance, energy-efficient semiconductor products. Underscoring this, Freescale introduced Energy-Efficient Solutions mark highlight selected products that excel effective implementation energyefficiency technologies that deliver market-leading performance application spaces they designed address. This white paper discusses Freescale technologies energy efficiency used dramatically lower power consumption without sacrificing performance functionality, highlights selection Freescale products that these technologies achieve exceptional overall energy efficiency.
Contents
Design Challenge Architectural Platform Techniques Circuit Techniques Software Process Technology Design Methodology Tools Energy-Efficient Technology Work MC9S08LL16 8-bit Family MCUs i.MX Family Application Processors.8 MPC8536E PowerQUICC® Communications Processor MMA7660FC 3-axis Digital Output Accelerometer MC56F8006/2 Digital Signal Controller MPR031 MPR03x Capactive Touch Sensors.10 Conclusion
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Freescale Technologies Energy Efficiency
Design Challenge
It's balancing act. Manufacturers trying create products that push limits speed functionality, they expected next nothing. high performance/low power balance side will satisfy consumers demand both performance efficiency with few, any, compromises. think this balancing applies only portable devices-an player that runs download tune seconds store thousands like that's true. Plugged unplugged, applications designed today must consider total cost using energy impact excess will have environment. instance, 24-hour day, office appliances connected will draw power continuously, actually "work" only minutes, seconds even microseconds. Therefore, it's just important optimize products energy efficiency while they sleep while they work. Consumers businesses alike cannot afford wasted energy. Unfortunately, there single power reduction technique that able meet system requirements energy minimization. trick effectively combine architectural, platform circuit techniques, system application software, process technology design methodology tools intelligently develop semiconductor designs energy-efficient operation applications. Freescale's Energy Efficiency Target illustrates these technologies techniques integrated into full development process designed achieve optimal energy efficiency. Each area technology optimized toward more efficient operation while still contributing overall performance goals.
investigate following technology descriptions, keep mind that they part unified development process that aims maximize energy efficiency essential ingredient highperformance automotive, networking, industrial consumer system.
Architectural Platform Techniques
architectural level, energy efficiency technologies circuit techniques enable energy savings across chip design. Using multiple power modes good example. On-chip power modes designed offer peak application performance (and attendant energy consumption) only when absolutely necessary. deliver greatest energy efficiency over life application, on-chip power modes such run, wait, stop standby, used manipulate power usage most efficient available energy source. This particularly effective strategy portable hand-held devices office automation systems that periodically engage short bursts activity. Platforms made collection component modules connected together specific purpose. platform collection modules board, package single semiconductor device. combination modules provides another opportunity energy efficiency optimization. platform power modes, power saving modes extended board-level applications. example, memory hold mode, everything powered-down except PMIC memory, which kept state-retention mode. This very low-power state, many applications different components, such application baseband processor, will have reboot wake creating some latency issues. However, core processor kept low-leakage standby mode, wake much quicker because baseband reboot won't necessary. application requirements will often dictate which memory hold state used best performance/energy efficiency optimization.
Figure Freescale Energy Efficiency Target Freescale Energy Efficiency Target holistic approach energy management, where interaction among technologies techniques critical achieve optimal energy savings.
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Circuit Techniques
avoid forfeiting energy efficiency greater application effectiveness rely entire spectrum circuit techniques, which when used combination help regain energy efficiency edge without sacrificing optimal performance characteristics. frequency adjustment according existing system performance requirements. lowering frequency, possible lower operating voltage (on-the-fly well), dramatically reducing power consumption. There common implementations this methodology-hardware-assisted software-enabled. load controls supply voltage frequency with minimal reduce power consumption while maintaining same levels performance functionality. circuit uses more power when it's being clocked than when clock gated turned off. Clocks consume much percent active power. shutting clocks stopping data toggling unused portions semiconductor realize sizable energy savings, particularly when gating engineered control toggling individual instruction level.
Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module
VDDC
Logic
Logic
VDDC
System SRPG mode Time Figure State retention power gating Since state digital logic stored flip flops, flip flops kept constantly powered voltage grid, intermediate logic onto voltage grid that power gated. When voltage reapplied intermediate logic, state flip flops will re-propagated through logic system start where left off.
mechanism measures frequency reference circuit product. This reference circuit captures product's speed dependency process technology existing operating temperature. DPTC then lowers voltage minimum level needed support existing required operating frequency. Regulator design special technique which design options dictated what's best whatever application solution designed serve. instance, switching regulator more efficient than linear low-dropout (LDO) regulator. However, LDOs costly (you don't need inductor other components) inject less noise into power supply line. They better choice radio frequency (RF) applications, where noise dominant requirement. Switching regulators normally operate high frequency using pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques. Under light load conditions, switching regulator transition pulse frequency modulation (PFM) maintain high power conversion efficiency. This technique, also called pulse skipping, allows high-efficiency switching regulation under light loads. PFM, with longer cycle time, slower wake from sleep mode. However, applications where energy efficiency critical, designers users normally willing give little speed longer battery life.
Figure Clock gating typical clock tree where individual modules clock gated when use. Automatic clock gating control modules simplifies software control.
voltage supply reduced zero majority block's logic gates while maintaining supply state elements that block. SRPG thereby greatly reduce power consumption when application stop mode, still accommodates fast wake times. Reducing supply zero stop mode allows both dynamic static power removed. Retaining supply state elements allows processing continue quickly when exiting stop mode.
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Freescale Technologies Energy Efficiency
Switching Regulator Cntl Load
Linear Regulator
database registered devices drivers, detailing their various power-related aspects, such capabilities, states,
Load
associations (keyboard should prompt power etc.) dependencies (device should never powered down when device use, etc.). also manages complex combinations associations, dependencies, allowable power states cases based policy rules. task scheduling ensure that time-sensitive work meet deadlines while still maintaining low-power status. Tasks reordered postponed, non-critical, allow more timesensitive tasks complete. into hardware pointless unless they effectively used. Software power management communicate with device drivers
Output Voltage higher lower than input voltage Pros >80% power conversion efficiency Cons Noise Several external components
Output Voltage lower than input voltage Pros Simple Lower noise external components Cons Power efficiency
Figure Switching linear regulators This illustrates differences between switching linear regulators.
Software
Software play significant role efficiently system performs. Software-based power management provides flexible scalable framework that communicates with hardware through device drivers, manages use-case policies, models performance requirements real-time responds external interfaces event notifications. This framework allows software dynamically coordinate powersaving techniques across several hardware components. However, efficiency software itself crucial impact power efficiency well. Well-written code addition well-optimized compiler will help reduce memory requirements will lead lower software overhead reduced stack inefficiencies. Minimizing code trim overall memory requirements reduce power usage. Efficient code also decrease overhead, such entering exiting tasks servicing interrupts, number wasted cycles, including pipeline stalls, cache misses scheduling slack. modeling used estimate length inactivity device, subset devices entire system will experience. Then, based implementation policy place, model will decide whether place components into low-power mode, reduce operating clock frequency system voltages turn appropriate devices. Performance modeling also exploit deterministic behavior RTOS predict future power needs. Using RTOS scheduling requirements, system various components placed lowpower modes turned expected idle time exceeds specific time-period threshold. software also track active ready-torun functions estimate much processing power required meet critical deadlines minimum power levels.
Selectively control device power states low-power modes EnableDVFS Provide functional clock gating SRPG
(interrupts) instead constantly polling status. respond number external inputs, including ambient light detection reduce brightness, various switches, closing lids laptop PCs) variety human-interface mechanisms.
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Freescale Technologies Energy Efficiency
Process Technology
Process technology basic building block semiconductor product. characteristics process determine power consumption circuits built that process. technologies energy efficiency include process considerations targeted specifically power-optimized circuit operations. Associated techniques limiting power consumption include: performance because increased drive current available from that transistor. However, electrical characteristics manufacturing processes allow include both high transistors, which have advantage lower leakage current, which translates into lower standby current. addition, Freescale uses innovative structures, materials process techniques optimize transistor's performance while minimizing leakage. These techniques used help improve efficiency leakage currents. Active well bias enhances energy/ performance relationship manipulating transistor performance device maximum performance, then raise threshold standby mode, thus providing performance levels transistor. Leakage Current (nA/µm) NMOS PMOS
integration techniques offer another powerful tool create highly energy-efficient devices. SMARTMOS technology enables high density analog/mixed-signal integration, highly efficient power MOSFETs complex digital circuitry single die. allows power management (PMIC) solutions incorporate load protection, high-power efficiency multiple outputs-even sizes shrink-without eroding overall device performance. Introduced decades ago, SMARTMOS technology been scaled through multiple generations under continual development improve capabilities. Power MOSFETs must conductive with switching losses achieve most efficient available power supply. Freescale's SMARTMOS technology allows optimizing MOSFET design both drain-to-source resistance gate charge control making gate oxide very thin along with using precise doping techniques achieve very drain-tosource resistance. thinner gate oxide allows reduce gate area silicon minimize charge required drive gate, thus reducing switching circuit losses.
Design Methodology Tools
physical mapping chip design have significant effect energy efficiency simply shortening signal clock routes. instance, global clock distribution design must appropriately manage delays points. poorly designed, ad-hoc distribution increase amount buffering necessary correct skew points. This buffering power dissipation clock network. well-structured distribution lead more efficiently balanced clock tree. Support/analysis, design, implementation, architecture power estimation tools help ensure system-to-silicon design optimization across power, throughput, latency area constraints. They help designers create reliable methodology energy-efficient semiconductor design, such with power monitoring tools, helps support module design
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5
chip implementation teams well use-case power analysis. assist module functionality power partitioning well module power estimation. product. Tools include floor planning, synthesis, clock tree creation embedded power, timing power supply voltage drop) analysis.
NMOS Back Bias
PMOS
Figure Active well bias Active well bias affects threshold voltage, which turn affects subthreshold leakage currents. body PMOS device increased above body NMOS device reduced below ground, device said back bias sub-threshold leakage current reduced.
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Freescale Technologies Energy Efficiency
intra-chip partitions plus use-case analysis. platform power estimation tool used combine platform connectivity, component architecture information, module power data use-case definition into common database calculate estimated power platform given application. output platform power estimation tool breaks down power usage component module identify areas platform optimize overall power.
traces between ICS, oscillator modules: less length less capacitance less power. oscillator, low-dropout standby regulator, stop wakeup time, low-power wait modes, SATO, user-selectable peripheral clock gating clock tree synthesis. These low-power features enable consumer, industrial wireless applications that provide ultra-long life years) using lithium. LL16 rich drive capability with internal interruptions other power-saving features: reference capacitor without being time transitions, which leads lower power consumption changing bias levels reduces driver's voltage domain wake Based same testing environment, LL16 performance provide over percent improvement power consumption compared market solutions. instance, with segments configured with contrast control, low-power mode, crystal oscillator enabled, frame rate, just With still only
Energy-Efficient Technology Work
High-efficiency embedded technology helps engineers develop automotive, networking, industrial consumer applications that meet exceed user expectations lowpower, low-cost operation. benefits include longer operating times portable applications, more efficient data centers smart electric grids, which further enable plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, seamless integration renewable energy sources, adoption green building standards many other industry initiatives applications. Energy-Efficient Solutions Freescale specifically designed lead evolution more energy-efficient world integrating processes we've discussed this paper produce highly optimized platforms next generation energy-efficient products services.
MC9S08LL16 8-bit
S08LL16 Freescale's most efficient 8-bit controller, having less than percent current draw previous generation technology, LL16 demonstrates extreme low-power characteristics power specs power modes battery-powered portable applications medical, consumer industrial markets. LL16 achieves extraordinary low-power results through: from previous modules simple quarter-second counter): less switching less power. addition, peripheral logic runs reduced speed rather than clock reset synchronizer clock gated reduce unnecessary power consumption.
S08LL16 incredibly versatile controller, only offering low-power characteristics that broadens target market small, battery-powered applications also providing improved design flexibility with large segment-based driver integrated charge pump enable true system-on-chip functionality.
Family MCUs
family includes Freescale's lowest power MCUs MCUs particularly useful consumer industrial applications that require ultra-long battery life.
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Freescale Technologies Energy Efficiency
length that reduces leakage current, which decreases static power consumption. have subsequently optimized standard cell also include: Wakeupfromsleepwithoutreset. which means application wake perform task quickly back sleep save additional power. required transistors, therefore saving power shrinking silicon footprint. optimization clock tree, which consume percent power used different modules. long enough perform read with result latched then automatically powered down. This process automatically kicks very rates provides much better frequencies) versus frequency curve flash operation. Freescale.com also features battery consumption calculator family. Users input different system parameters, such device, environmental settings, battery information, duty cycle, system options number active modules calculate average battery life that system. It's handy, easy-to-use tool that help designers fine tune design proposals maximum battery life. family MCUs provides excellent solutions portable battery-powered devices, such digital cameras camcorders, cordless phones, home health care devices hand-held instruments. family also well-suited low-power building automation applications, such water meters, thermostats, remote controls security.
i.MX application processor family members employ additional techniques enhance energy efficiency:
sleep hibernate. clock source re-use low-power applications. busses connection allowing management number data paths without involvement, keeping standby mode. processor power gating supplies, except supply voltage, while keeping SRTC running able wake system through timer time-out event. addition, hardware accelerators used items that would ordinarily require heavy processing from CPU, which saves power during mode. i.MX application processors provide optimal power savings through integrated power management paired with external Freescale power management solutions. Software development kits offer drivers both processor companion PMIC enable customers successfully implement low-power techniques their final product designs.
MPC8536E PowerQUICC® Communication Processor
MPC8536E processor designed implement office automation equipment (printing imaging, network attach storage, media processing, digital signage more) that require compliance regional energy initiatives. These include such programs Runner (Japan), Energy using Product (EU) Energy Star (USA). this capacity, MPC8536E accomplished number firsts: sleep mode single-chip SoC. clock scaling (jog mode). network traffic during deep sleep mode with packet-lossless deep sleep. combination fast mode, mode fast recovery from packet-lossless deep sleep mode creates market-first embedded energy/workload pacing usage model. It's important remember that world just connected, it's always connected. This "net effect" carefully managing different performance cycles ("pacing" energy long periods inactivity interrupted short burst work) fulfill application needs without losing connection important. this what MPC8536E processor designed
i.MX Family Application Processors
i.MX family includes core-based processors automotive, consumer industrial applications. i.MX processors employ offload Smart Speed crossbar switch that nearly eliminates wait states. This enables fewer effective cycles instruction, helping drive performance equivalent higher clock frequency processors without power consumption penalty that accompanies higher operating frequencies.
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Architecture® e500 core cache while platform continues operate. enhanced three-speed Ethernet controller continue parse incoming packets, supporting lossless packet low-power operation with wake user-defined packet, such packet. rebooting platform, supporting clock frequency workloads while dynamically switching higher frequencies when workload warrants. device disable explicit clock gating. power down, which greatly reduces static sub-threshold currents. improving short-circuit currents receivers net. partitioning saves power reducing number nets that routed outside blocks. Traditional embedded computing platforms have been designed maximum work load with little regard cyclical work profile across hourly, daily, weekly extended time intervals. MPC8536E specifically designed manage these cycles pace energy consumption more economical automated office equipment.
MMA7660FC accelerometer also incorporates advanced automatic low-power modes with auto-wake (which sample samples second) auto-sleep samples second). Toggling between wake sleep modes also configurable even more power savings. Three modes-off, standby active-offer different capabilities power-conservative applications. sensor does load activities ignored. Current consumption sensor responds activity. Registers accessed device active mode when desired, sensor measurement system idle. Current consumption accelerometer responds activity. sensor measurement system runs programmable output data rate, digital analysis functions run. Depending sample rate, discussed above, current consumption Sleep mode reduced sampling rate (tap mode disabled) activity will initiate auto wake bring MMA7660FC accelerometer full active mode. low-power modes userconfigurable sample rates make MMA7660FC accelerometer ideal solution battery-operated applications, including hand-held portable communications, wireless sensors, game controllers personal medical sports monitoring devices.
MMA7660FC 3-axis Digital Output Accelerometer
MMA7660FC accelerometer designed detect natural user interactions enable advanced motion-based functionalities handheld devices, such cell phones. These functions include such userinitiated actions orientation, multi-tap, shake gesturing used implement various commands well motion sensing power-saving auto-wake auto-sleep modes. MMA7660FC digital-output accelerometer offers extremely flexible performance/power consumption options through userconfigurable sample rates. rates adjusted provide only performance needed specific functions, thus keeping current consumption minimum. instance, samples second consumption rate about However, drop down sample second, corresponding rate just This flexibility allows developers fine tune sample rates specific functions, making sure power consumption possible. example, samples second with typical operating current quite adequate cover most shaking gesturing requirements. However, samples second advised detection system definitively recognize that rather than shake.
MC56F8006/2 Digital Signal Controller
devices MC56F8006/2 series combine, single chip, processing power digital signal processor (DSP) functionality microcontroller unit (MCU) with flexible peripherals create extremely cost-effective solution. MC56F8006/2 industry's first digital signal controller (DSC) demonstrating extreme energy efficiency ultra-long battery life portable applications using deep sleep modes, provides lowest power stop mode market. integrates comprehensive, flexible peripherals reduce need external components create extremely cost-effective control solution. MC56F8006/2 been architected from transistor level achieve power consumption. Examples this include: multiply-accumulate (MAC) processor achieve both single-cycle performance capability, providing versatile control applications with high energy efficiency.
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optimized lower voltage operation device leakage reduce static power consumption. support supply voltage operation down volts (for certain applications) selectively disable circuit modules during stop modes. Standby current (Partial Power Down mode) less than current less than MHz. power consumption disabling clock signals unused modules. operating frequencies. verify system power-down methodology, predict optimize power consumption meet performance targets. Specific energy power management features MC56F8006/2 that enable meet specified energy budget over domain application include: low-power wait, stop, low-power stop partial power down). peripherals enabled. module, relaxation oscillator, external oscillator. oscillators used with post-scaler module achieve ultra-low-power system operation frequencies down Hertz. MC56F8006/2 provides cost-optimized solution mathematically intensive, power-sensitive real-time control applications including power conversion, portable motor control, instrumentation, smart sensors portable medical devices. motor control power conversion capabilities offered these products significantly improve efficiency, reliability energy savings appliances power supplies.
Such applications operate very small energy budgets, which means touch interface must also perform with minimal power consumption. MPR031/32 capacitive touch sensors state machine-based ASICs with inherently better power management than analog microcontroller-based products. circuit operation. rates set, enabling controller system sleep during primary operation. Activelow-powerI2C functional low-power states. Thus, low-power implementation remain active, even during communication cycles. addition, only external component needed, which only reduces power consumption also system-level material manufacturing costs.
Conclusion
Ultimately, energy efficiency measured against customer needs. Whether application requires longer battery life needs reduce heat dissipation, system designers have rely semiconductors that meet their performance requirements without exceeding limited energy budget. work very closely with customers clearly define performance energy parameters they require. Through close cooperation, optimize solutions help them make energy-efficient designs that easy develop, speed time market more attractive their customers. Freescale technologies energy efficiency distinctive combinations advanced architectural circuit techniques with latest design methodology process technology that deliver energy-efficient performance. Freescale applies these technologies techniques provide highest possible performance levels within restricted energy budget. They apply application, benefiting user extending battery life without significantly impacting performance portable applications well keeping energy costs lower heat dissipation down wireline applications across industries. Freescale dedicated expanding technologies energy efficiency, developing techniques next-generation products that even more energy efficient than today's. continuing work with customers business partners help produce more work using less energy.
MPR031 MPR032 Proximity Capacitive Touch Sensor Controllers
MPR031/32 capacitive touch sensor controllers open range opportunities touch control where have been possible past. Generally, these kinds applications very small, often hand-held, require exceptionally long battery life employ extremely simple electronic designs.
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