Intelligent Control Author: Justin Milks Microchip Technology Inc
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AN1178
Intelligent Control
Author: Justin Milks Microchip Technology Inc. brushless fan, armature stationary permanent magnet that rotates, shown Figure This magnet shape ring with blades attached. Many fans magnetic poles ring magnet; however, number magnetic poles increased create more powerful fan. Finally, pattern which armature winded vary. two-phase will have separate windings which individually energized. These windings always energized with current flowing same direction. Another option single-phase system which single winding constantly energized, direction current reversed. two-phase method lower cost, requiring MOSFET device phase. However, since this method only utilizes half armature windings given time, suitable higher power applications. Since single phase method energizes every winding armature simultaneously, better suited higher power applications. However, this method requires total MOSFET devices. determines which phase energize which energize single phase) using Hall sensor. These sensors able detect magnetic poles ring magnet provide necessary information determine energize armature. These sensors will discussed more detail following sections.
This application note describes creation intelligent 4-wire fan. This design incorporates PIC® microcontroller directly inside fan, enabling provide closed loop speed control, speed feedback, additional safety features. Topics covered will include: Brushless basics Necessary microcontroller peripherals Hardware, software control techniques. This application note targeted toward PIC16F616 PIC12F615, however adapted many PIC® microcontrollers.
BRUSHLESS THEORY
Since brushless fans variants basic brushless motors, same brushless motor basics apply. There several Microchip application notes that cover brushless basics, listing these application notes found references section this document.
FIGURE
DIAGRAM
Magnetic Core
Armature
Ring Magnet
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FIGURE CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM Controller
Speed Input
Interfacing Hall Effect Sensors
Since Hall effect sensors digital devices, their interface microcontroller simple task. available interrupt-on-change (IOC) used. open-collector Hall effect sensor used, then internal weak pull-ups utilized reduce necessary component count. important ensure that low-level output from Hall effect sensor within acceptable range input pin. low-level output within acceptable range, possible analog comparator read Hall effect sensor.
Position Sense
Speed Feedback
Drives Coils
Figure shows generic controller block diagram. Software hardware techniques relating each block diagram will discussed further detail following sections.
Interfacing Hall Elements
Interfacing Hall element most microcontrollers straightforward Hall effect sensor. mentioned earlier, Hall element requires current source. low-cost solution simply resistor series with Hall element. disadvantage lower output levels. order read level, differential analog output necessary both inputs analog comparator, shown Figure Recalling output Hall element Figure typical comparator will suffer problems when difference between outputs less than comparator input offset voltage. microcontroller with comparator featuring internal hysteresis, allows Hall element used without compromise. PIC12F615 PIC16F616 microcontrollers that have these features.
POSITION SENSE
types position sensing devices are: Hall elements Hall effect sensors. Either used.
Hall Elements Hall Effect Sensors
term Hall element used describe device which produces differential analog voltage corresponding strength magnetic field. output Hall element relatively small, differential analog voltage. Figure shows output produced Hall element presence rotating ring magnet. main advantage using Hall element cost. However, optimum performance, Hall element requires constant current power source. Furthermore, output voltage levels require amplification. Hall effect sensor removes these disadvantages incorporating Hall element, power source, amplifier single package. Hall sensors come many varieties, including open-collector level outputs. Many brushless fans utilize latching Hall sensors, which north pole will latch device state until south pole present device latched opposite state. Figure shows output Hall sensor produced rotating blades.
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FIGURE HALL DEVICE OUTPUTS
Hall Element Output
(volts)
Time
Hall Sensor Output
(volts)
Time
FIGURE
HALL SENSOR DIAGRAM
Hall Element
Output
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DRIVE WINDINGS
This section will describe several options generating necessary drive depending available microcontroller peripherals. Methods increasing resolution frequency considerations will also discussed.
FIGURE
USING STEERING
Idle state
Connecting Outputs
phase application, outputs will connected MOSFET devices shown Figure
P1A*
FIGURE
PHASE SCHEMATIC
Supply
Output redirected
Note
Phase Phase
P1A* alternate output P1A.
account this, following steps taken when steering PWM: Disable module, removing control outputs both outputs Idle state again Perform steering direction change Re-enable module
this configuration, only MOSFET device will active moment time. This will ensure that current only flowing through winding time. important note that current always flows same direction through winding.
Steering Generate Multiple Outputs
Select microcontrollers, such PIC12F615, have option steering. This allows Capture Compare (CCP) module generate that directed more pins. This configuration utilized control following manner: with each commutation (determined Hall element Hall effect sensor) output re-directed appropriate pin. There some considerations that need taken into account. Consider condition Figure below. When redirected, output remain previous state, care taken, both outputs active simultaneously. This will only cause excess current draw, will also affect speed blades.
This sequence steps will ensure that both outputs will active simultaneously.
Using ECCP Generate Multiple Outputs
Other microcontrollers, such PIC16F616, have steering capability. However these microcontrollers still used control application utilizing different modes ECCP modules generate appropriate output. Full-Bridge mode forward direction, ECCP module provides output while keeping Idle state, shown Figure below. Full-Bridge mode reverse direction, ECCP module provides output while keeping Idle state.
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FIGURE USING ECCP EQUATION RESOLUTION Resolution bits
frequency choice affect resolution some frequencies yield integer number bits resolution. example, frequency with oscillator yields value resolution 8.6438 bits (numbers calculated using equations chapter data sheet which have been reproduced here Equation Equation This means that possible duty cycle values range from 399. Depending output control loop software, duty cycle have scaled down.
direction change
Idle state
With each commutation necessary change direction ECCP module. ECCP module this method, will ensure that both outputs will never active simultaneously.
Scaling from value with less resolution value with more resolution undesirable. Doing this will cause duty cycle steps unequal, this method does take full advantage available resolution. Therefore better choice scale from value with more resolution value with less resolution. this case range bits) scaled produce range (8.6438 bits). scaling performed taking 9-bit control loop output, multiplying 8-bit scaling factor, discarding byte result. formula determining scaling factor shown Equation below.
Choosing frequency
important constraint choosing frequency windings ensure frequency above audible kHz. Given this constraint there still multiple ways deciding frequency. frequency chosen such that resulting resolution integer number bits. example, with oscillator, resolution 31.25 will provide exactly bits resolution. Having integer number bits resolution will simplify math routines. this example, however, higher switching frequency cause thermal problems with MOSFETs. this case better lower frequency. also possible choose frequency based other characteristics, such winding characteristics, minimize switching losses. keeping resolution integer number bits resolution constraint. Choosing lowest frequency possible will minimize switching losses while simultaneously maximizing resolution.
EQUATION
DETERMINING SCALING FACTOR
(maxoutput) Scaling Factor -(maxinput)
determining scaling factor, maxoutput maximum desired output scaling routine maxinput maximum value input scaling routine. When scaling from bits 8.6438 bits scaling factor will (decimal). Table shows input output scaling routine. see, input value 511, full-scale 9-bit input, corresponds maximum duty cycle 399.
EQUATION
PERIOD
TABLE
value 511)
RESULTS SCALING ROUTINE
Multiply 25400 51000 76600 102200 High bytes result
Period (TMR2 Prescale Value)
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Increasing Resolution
Depending particular characteristics, given resolution adequate. increase resolution lower frequency, this possible. possible, however, software techniques increase effective resolution. technique called dithering used. dithering accomplished changing between different duty cycles. example, continuously switching between duty cycle, average duty cycle will 55.5%. important that system connected output behave low-pass manner. system this case fan) needs respond average duty cycle react quickly enough show discrete changes. block diagram shown Figure illustrates software implementation dithering routine. downside this type software technique required processing time. Every cycles, microcontroller must execute software necessary determine which duty cycle use. Furthermore, care must taken boundaries. example, duty cycle 100%, then dithering take place there higher duty cycle. Also, when duty cycle zero important that dithering routine does attempt increase duty cycle.
MEASURING SPEED INPUT
Several methods exist providing controller with desired speed. most common using input using analog voltage. Both will discussed below:
Using
input into common commanding speed. duty cycle input determines operating speed. example, duty cycle commands maximum speed input frequency often used (this done comply with several existing intelligent control specifications). utilizing several microcontroller peripherals this directly measured digitally. Many microcontrollers have Timer1 gate feature. shown Figure below, Timer1 gate allows Timer1 clock source disconnected from counter. source Timer1 gate digital input, output analog comparator.
FIGURE
DITHERING BLOCK DIAGRAM
Overflow
Offset
Accumulator
register used accumulator, another offset. Every periods, offset added accumulator. accumulator overflows, period increased next periods. example, with 8-bit accumulator offset loaded with 128, accumulator would overflow every other cycle. offset loaded with then accumulator would overflow every cycles,
FIGURE
TIMER1 GATE DIAGRAM
Timer1 Clock Source
Timer1 Counter
Timer1 Gate
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this application, Timer1 will configured gate source. perform measurement, following steps taken: Timer1 gate configured allow timer increment when incoming signal high. Timer0 cleared used time measurement period. Timer0 interrupt flag set, signaling measurement. value Timer1 stored, Timer1 gate reconfigured allow Timer1 increment when incoming signal low. Timer0 interrupt flag set, signaling measurement. value Timer1 stored processed determine duty cycle. tolerances would reflected measurement. measuring both high time oscillator tolerance removed. factor present Equation scaling factor. This done scale duty cycle 100% 255. This effectively produces 8-bit value from that corresponds duty cycle input. important ensure that measurement period sufficiently longer than period signal being measured. measurement period times larger than period signal measured starting point. Another consideration ensure that Timer1 peripheral configured such that will roll over during measurement period. Once values THIGH TLOW have been determined necessary math routine perform division. Since THIGH assume value bits, numerator could require bits once scaling factor taken into account. denominator fraction will result addition, therefore bits need allocated Microchip application note AN617 "Fixed Point Routines", provides many fixed point math routines, including 24-bit 16-bit unsigned division routine. Once division been performed, result will 0-255 value corresponding duty cycle input.
This process illustrated Figure output this portion measurement process will values, referred THIGH TLOW which correspond high time time incoming signal during measurement period. Based these values, Equation used determine duty cycle.
EQUATION
CALCULATING DUTY CYCLE
HIGH DutyCycle HIGH
Equation THIGH TLOW represents measurement period determined Timer0. measurement could simplified using constant THIGH TLOW. However, doing oscillator
FIGURE
PERFORMING DIGITAL DUTY CYCLE MEASUREMENT
Measurement Period
Measurement Period
Timer configured increment when incoming signal low.
Timer configured increment when incoming signal high.
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Measuring Speed Input using
onboard also used determine operating point controller. analog input signal provided thermistor possibly result filtered signal through pass filter, shown below Figure Figure shows flowchart software measurement technique that used measure Hall device period.
FIGURE
LOCKED ROTOR DETECTION
Timer2 Interrupt
FIGURE
LOW-PASS CIRCUIT
Freq.
Measurement Progress?
Increment Counter
This method used when measuring input directly possible, such with very frequency inputs. cases where host system operating much lower voltage, (i.e., volts volts) analog value read response adjusted match host system voltage. also possible interface thermistor order create temperature controlled fan.
Counter max?
Rotor locked Measurement over
MEASURING SPEED
order implement closed loop control, necessary measure fan's actual speed. This done measuring frequency Hall device output. There several considerations, however, that need taken into account.
Creating Software Timer
current application, Timer0 Timer1 used measurement, Timer2 used time base. This configuration leaves additional timers speed measurement. However, since Timer2 will never stop will always interrupt defined intervals, create software counter that used speed measurement. This will discussed further detail below.
locked rotor scenario taken into account comparing software counter against some maximum value. Should counter ever exceed this value, flag indicating locked rotor condition set. This allows software handle this condition appropriately. However, even after period measurement complete, speed still been determined, math routine required translate Hall device period into RPM. This will discussed next.
Measurement Math Routine
goal measurement math routine produce 8-bit value 255) that corresponds given fan's RPM. example, that 3300, then 1650RPM would correspond value 3300 would correspond value 255. This similar input that value shows percentage full speed.
Measurement Duration Locked Rotor
difficulty measuring speed occurs during locked rotor condition. Should fan's rotor become blocked, measurement speed would take infinite amount time, frequency output Hall devices zero.
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relationship between period inversely proportional, shown Equation Where FCOUNT frequency Timer2 interrupt (i.e., frequency), scaling factor showing desired full scale response, conversion from pulses second. RPMMAX maximum given fan. Note: scaling factor assumes that Hall device will provide pulses edges) revolution. This true 4-pole motors would require adjustment pole motor were used.
EQUATION frequency -period
More specifically, output math routine scaled that only assumes values through these values specific maximum given fan. this case equation becomes:
EQUATION
DETERMINING CONSTANT
numerator Equation simply constant that must chosen particular range. better method tool, such Excel, show output equation (considering rounding) optimize constant minimize rounding errors. graph shown below Figure shows relationship (for given maximum given frequency) between software measurement counts math routine output.
COUNT -RPM Speed -TimerCounts FIGURE SPEED MEASUREMENT ROUTINE
Routine Output
1000
1200
1400
Timer2 Counts
very important consideration condition where exceed maximum speed. Equation byte result returns 8-bit 255) value corresponding speed. However, should exceed programmed maximum speed routine would return 9-bit result since only lower bits considered, would appear though were spinning very slowly. example shown Table below, assuming with speed 3300 RPM.
TABLE
Speed 1500 3300 3500
MEASUREMENT ROUTINE OUTPUT
Routine Output Lower Byte
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Because this situation necessary ensure that result measurement math routine valid. This simply done checking higher bytes result, should they ever assume non-zero value, flag indicating that measurement invalid. alarm signal used signal host when problem occurred. Should rotor become locked should unable reach desired speed alarm signal will asserted alert connected system. difficulties creating alarm output lies fact that comparison instant. That speed needs below threshold certain amount time assert alarm. this were case, then speed increases would assert alarm until reached steady state, this typically desired operation. flowchart shown below Figure illustrates operation alarm routine. first step calculate alarm threshold, this done dynamically. example, alarm threshold commanded speed. this case threshold would commanded speed 1000 RPM, 1300 commanded speed 2000 RPM,
GENERATING TACHOMETER OUTPUT
Generating tachometer output relatively simple task microcontroller. There still number solutions that used.
General
general purpose used generate tachometer output. benefit this method that puts signal under complete software control. some conditions, such during locked rotor condition, desirable tachometer certain level (i.e., always high during locked rotor conditions), this done with software method. obvious downside that requires software processing each transition.
FIGURE
ALARM OUTPUT DIAGRAM
Commanded Speed
Using Full-Bridge ECCP
ECCP module used Full-Bridge mode discussed earlier Section "PWM Drive Windings"), then pins used PWMs windings. direction change feature used transition from P1D. side effect using ECCP this mode that each direction change, pins will also transition. possible this output tachometer signal, this case requires software processing generate tachometer.
Scaling Factor
Current Speed Speed Threshold
Clear Counter Increment Counter
Using Comparator Output
mentioned earlier Position Sense section, Hall element used determine rotor position. this configuration, comparator used interface Hall element microcontroller, comparator output provides position data. comparator output also directed output pin, this configuration would provide tachometer output.
Counter max?
GENERATING ALARM OUTPUT
While tachometer very common speed sense output, alarm signal another.
Alarm
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After alarm threshold been calculated, routine will compare current speed against threshold speed. current speed low, counter incremented compared against value determine when enter alarm state. current speed above threshold then counter cleared alarm condition ended. Note: There several algorithms that could used detect alarm condition, this just possibility.
FIGURE
AUTO-SHUTDOWN SCHEMATIC
Auto-shutdown 0.6V Internal Reference
ADDITIONAL FEATURES
following section will describe several additional features that added design.
RSENSE
Starting Ramp Delay
typical brushless will draw large amount current when first energized. This place additional stress power supplies possibly cause sags voltage. order avoid this, starting delay starting ramp used. There situations which will delay start: recently been energized operating zero speed commanded operate non-zero speed.
Figure switching devices windings. comparator used compare voltage across sense resistor, RSENSE, internally generated volt reference. this configuration comparator connected auto-shutdown logic module. Should comparator output trip, will automatically placed Idle state. device configured such that once comparator output once again allowed operate. This hardware feature allows cycle-by-cycle current limiting winding current without requiring software resources user-intervention. Furthermore, interrupt generated should current exceed trip level software actions also taken.
This delay will significantly lower amount inrush current fan. Furthermore, rather than instantly commanding operate full speed, starting ramp used. This ramp will slowly increase speed until reaches operating speed. combination starting delay starting ramp will ensure that will never demand high inrush current.
SCHEMATIC OVERVIEW
example hardware schematic provided Appendix will discussed here further detail.
Protection Components
most important aspects hardware design inclusion necessary protection components. Reverse polarity protection Diode included design order implement reverse polarity protection. This will prevent current flow should power connected backwards. chosen limit amount current that flows into MOSET gates during switching during MOSFET failure where excess current would allowed flow into gate. Pull-down resistors used prevent accumulation charge that occur MOSFET gates. This will ensure when energized first time that excess current will flow.
Current Limiting
Depending device configuration being used, also possible limit current into windings. current limiting requires analog comparator. However, direct Hall element interface also requires comparator. Because this, device such PIC12F615 implement both direct Hall element interface current limiting. analog comparator available, then current limiting performed shown Figure below.
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Series resistor included prevent microcontroller damage during plugging. plugging plugging into powered system. When this occurs, some pins make contact before other pins cause excess current flow. Specifically, should make connection before ground pin, there exists path current flow into microcontroller host system. This situation could damage both microcontroller host system. Capacitors used prevent drain-source voltage from spiking damaging MOSFETs. characteristic response also vary with supply voltage with duty cycle. number shown Figure very small range duty cycles (0%-10%) covers very wide range speeds. will necessary control routine quickly switch between duty cycles order achieve certain speed. number shown Figure much larger range duty cycles useful (50%-100%). However, duty cycles under have affect speed will only produce wasted energy. this important design controller that will attempt stabilize proper duty cycle given speed, change duty cycle auditable.
FIGURE
RESPONSE
Open Loop Response
Shunt Regulator
order lower system cost, PIC12F615 PIC16F616 microcontrollers available with option PIC12HV615 PIC16HV616. Speed (RPM) These parts have integrated shunt regulator that used replace traditional Zener regulators linear regulators. diagram shunt regulator shown below Figure
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000
FIGURE
SHUNT REGULATOR SCHEMATIC
VUNREG
100% Duty Cycle Duty Cycle
VREG PIC12HV615
FIGURE
RESPONSE
5000
Speed (RPM) Speed (RPM)
4000 3000 2000 1000
shunt regulator cost effective that only requires single resistor operate, does have supply voltage limitations associated with linear regulators. Furthermore, also supply regulated voltage other components.
RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
graphs shown (Figure Figure represent different response characteristics different brushless fans. These graphs obtained setting duty cycle windings fixed value observing final speed fan. Knowing speed varies with duty cycle will make implementation control routine easier.
100%
150%
Duty Cycle Duty Cycle
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CONTROL LOOP SOFTWARE
block diagram system shown below Figure speed measurement, set-point measurement, blocks have each been discussed detail previous sections. control loop will discussed. Controlling presents itself interesting control problem several aspects: microcontroller only able increase speed fan, decrease extremely long settling time responds very slowly. fan's operating conditions, including voltage load, change abruptly time. control loop software will also depend requirements. example, most applications require that speed control software introduce extra noise (i.e., cycling between duty cycles auditable manner). This come cost slower response longer settling time. However, also possible design control loop that will reach point very quickly, this come cost overshoot added noise.
Control (Fan
Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) control very common control technique many applications. been discussed numerous application notes, such AN258, AN964, AN937. Specifically, routine taken from AN258 used control loop software Given extremely long settling time fan, derivative term from routine very little effect system, often omitted completely. Increasing gain (the proportional term) will cause reach desired speed faster. However, some cases cause audibly change between different duty cycles. downside algorithm fact that easy switch between different coefficients. example, when fan's speed increased from high point, controller able appropriately control duty cycle. However, speed suddenly decreased, control loop slow down, speed falling below desired value. example, operating near 100% point reduced minimum value (such 10%) undershoot such that stalls. important test these cases ensure controller operating properly, find constants that provide acceptable response conditions.
Integral Control (Fan
Another possible controller integral only controller which follows Equation This type controller used
FIGURE
CONTROL LOOP BLOCK DIAGRAM
Current Speed Speed Measurement
Hall Device
error
PWM/ Analog Point Measurement point
Control Software
Duty Cycle
Outputs
EQUATION
CONTROLLER
Output Error
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benefit this type controller constant modified without abrupt changes output. Depending current speed condition, appropriate selected. example: current speed much larger than desired speed, needs slow desired speed without undershooting. This accomplished reducing size current speed close desired speed, standard operating value. current speed much lower than desired speed needs increase speed. standard used, this slow response. increased allow respond faster. integral controller chosen because allowed elimination undershoot when desired speed reduced. This type controller will often have longer settling time than controller. However, since main goals controller reduce noise, gradual changes desirable. dead band works modifying error signal. magnitude error less than some amount, error will zero. This illustrated below:
EQUATION error
DEAD BAND |error| CONSTANT otherwise
error
dead band effect ignoring small errors considering them zero. This will eliminate jitter that caused small errors. However there other side effects. Ignoring small changes error will also have effect ignoring small changes speed input. dead band speed input need change much order speed actually change. Using dead band also require changes control loop state machine. error very close dead band constant, still jitter (depending measurement accuracy), except jitter will cause error signal between CONSTANT which cause erratic behavior. more desirable wait until actually reached desired speed then enable dead band. speed falls range such that dead band longer active, then dead band disabled until speed reaches desired speed again.
Eliminating Steady State Jitter
Under normal operation, control loop software will cause actual speed equal desired speed. However, limitations resolution speed measurement resolution, this possible. this case possible that actual speed will oscillate around desired speed. control loop choose duty cycle small speed will less than desired speed, consequently control loop will choose larger duty cycle that large cause spin quickly. this oscillation about desired speed happens quickly, then auditable noticeable. However, oscillation happens very slowly, very noticeable will cause problems. Suggested here ways eliminate jitter: Increase resolution dead band
these methods, increasing resolution most desirable. drive section this document describes maximize resolution both hardware software. However maximizing resolution possible, still does yield desirable results, dead band used.
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ULTIMATE RESPONSE
graphs below illustrate response finished software. transient response graph shown (Figure 20), illustrating speed versus time. desired speed first high value, then value, then back high value. This done test show over shoot undershoot that occurs. second graph (Figure shows linearity actual speed output (after settling) input duty cycle (desired speed). This useful determining accurate given speed input.
FIGURE
TRANSIENT RESPONSE
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Sample
FIGURE
LINEARITY
rity
88000 77000 66000
55000 44000 33000 22000 11000
100% Duty Cycle
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SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Assembly language software included both PIC12F615 PIC16F616 that implements features described this application note. software uses series #define statements configure various options, such tachometer alarm output, active high active coil outputs, etc. These options documented using comments source code. software uses around 800-900 words program memory around 40-50 bytes data memory. exact size affected various build options.
REFERENCES
AN847 AN857 AN893 AN894 AN898 AN905 Model (DS00847) Aircraft Motor Control"
"Brushless Motor Control Made Easy" (DS00857) "Low-Cost Bidirectional Brushed Motor Control Using PIC16F684" (DS00893) "Motor Control Sensor Feedback Circuits" (DS00984) "Determining MOSFET Driver Needs Motor Drive Applications" (DS00898) "Brushed (DS00905) Motor Fundamentals"
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NOTES: UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED; RESISTANCE VALUES OHMS. RESISTORS TOLERANCE. CAPACITANCE VALUES
APPENDIX
+12V +12V +12V HW-300B THERMISTOR +12V
ITEMS LABELED WITH
(BLK) +12V
1/4W OSC1 MCLR OSC2
(YEL)
ZHCS1006TA
DEVICE NAMES NUMBERS SHOWN HERE REFERENCE ONLY DIFFER FROM ACTUAL NUMBER. UNPOPULATED. SOCKETED SOCKETED
2008 Microchip Technology Inc.
ITEMS LABELED WITH POPULATED. ITEMS LABELED WITH POPULATED.
SENSE
(GRN)
ZHCS1006CT-ND
CONTROL
(BLU)
SCHEMATIC
SENSE
PIC16HV616/SL
2N7002LT1
2N7002LT1GOSCT-ND
ICSPDATA ICSPCLK SENSE ISENSE
PICkit2 PLUNGE HEADER ICSPCLK
MOTOR
ICSPDATA CONNECT
ISENSE 1/2W ZXMN6A07FCT-ND
ZXMN6A07F
ZXMN6A07FCT-ND
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NOTES:
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India Bangalore Tel: 91-80-4182-8400 Fax: 91-80-4182-8422 India Delhi Tel: 91-11-4160-8631 Fax: 91-11-4160-8632 India Pune Tel: 91-20-2566-1512 Fax: 91-20-2566-1513 Japan Yokohama Tel: 81-45-471- 6166 Fax: 81-45-471-6122 Korea Daegu Tel: 82-53-744-4301 Fax: 82-53-744-4302 Korea Seoul Tel: 82-2-554-7200 Fax: 82-2-558-5932 82-2-558-5934 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Tel: 60-3-6201-9857 Fax: 60-3-6201-9859 Malaysia Penang Tel: 60-4-227-8870 Fax: 60-4-227-4068 Philippines Manila Tel: 63-2-634-9065 Fax: 63-2-634-9069 Singapore Tel: 65-6334-8870 Fax: 65-6334-8850 Taiwan Hsin Tel: 886-3-572-9526 Fax: 886-3-572-6459 Taiwan Kaohsiung Tel: 886-7-536-4818 Fax: 886-7-536-4803 Taiwan Taipei Tel: 886-2-2500-6610 Fax: 886-2-2508-0102 Thailand Bangkok Tel: 66-2-694-1351 Fax: 66-2-694-1350
EUROPE
Austria Wels Tel: 43-7242-2244-39 Fax: 43-7242-2244-393 Denmark Copenhagen Tel: 45-4450-2828 Fax: 45-4485-2829 France Paris Tel: 33-1-69-53-63-20 Fax: 33-1-69-30-90-79 Germany Munich Tel: 49-89-627-144-0 Fax: 49-89-627-144-44 Italy Milan Tel: 39-0331-742611 Fax: 39-0331-466781 Netherlands Drunen Tel: 31-416-690399 Fax: 31-416-690340 Spain Madrid Tel: 34-91-708-08-90 Fax: 34-91-708-08-91 Wokingham Tel: 44-118-921-5869 Fax: 44-118-921-5820
01/02/08
DS01178A-page
2008 Microchip Technology Inc.
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