2001 Printed Circuit Board Identification Using 1-Wire® Products
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Maxim Notes 1-Wire® Devices Keywords: plug play, plug play, electronic memory label, circuit board identification, identification, 1-wire devices
2001
Printed Circuit Board Identification Using 1-Wire® Products
Abstract: There ways identify printed circuit board (PCB). 'minimalist' approach based devices using technology. 'nameplate' approach requires user-programmable memory store PnP-related information. most obvious implement Plug-and-Play capabilities means memory chip that holds required information does lose power switched off. 1-Wire chips identification available ROM, EEPROM EPROM (One-Time-Programmable) technology.
Introduction
Anyone ever tried modem- network-card knows that such undertaking produce unwanted results take more time than expected. achieve cost savings from high volume production, add-in board designed logically compatible large variety motherboards from various vendors. This flexibility makes necessary configure board operating environment before ready function. perform configuration needs pieces information: sufficient knowledge system that board expected reside knowledge board itself. Once suitable settings determined needs jumpers flip switches board. This completes tricky part hardware installation. long such upgrades changes made routinely trained personnel, they time-efficient involve much risk. Every time deal with unfamiliar product, learning cycle begins with studying associated documentation (which well-written) phase trial error, which result damage product system supposed work 1994, concept "Plug-and-Play" (PnP) introduced this awkward situation, particularly with PCs. order function, each device must have following capabilities: must must must must uniquely identified. state services provides resources requires. identify software driver that supports allow software configure
(source: Win32 Application Support Plug Play) Although these requirements were originally specified products, electronic systems that consist more than device circuit board) benefit from Plug Play capabilities. most obvious implement capabilities means memory chip that holds required information does lose power switched off. some cases, suitable memory already board (e.g., inside microcontroller byte-wide memory chip serial EEPROM). other cases entire memory already assigned other functions, additional memory chip needed. their smaller physical size minimal additional requirements, serial memories preferred over byte-wide memories. serial memories, devices with 1-Wire interface easiest interface because they require only single data line plus ground reference. Most 1-Wire devices even have pin; they draw energy operation right from data line. 1-Wire devices have unique registration number, which allows traceability performs address multiple 1-Wire devices (not just memories) connected parallel form 1-Wire net. This feature found with other serial devices. Parts registration number customized, which turns 1-Wire device into custom chip that authenticates board makes impractical clone. Spare memory bytes used functions available enable/disable some resources circuit board, opening door license management rather than changing hardware upgrades. Depending storage capacity chip technology, memory could hold manufacturing data quality control, warranty information, repair history. Having such information readily accessible reduces time repair.
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Device Technologies
1-Wire chips printed circuit board identification need maintain stored data independent power supply. This limits choice devices that manufactured nonvolatile (NV) technologies such ROM, EEPROM EPROM (Table lack window plastic package mounting technique chip scale packages with active side towards circuit board converts EPROM chips One-Time-Programmable (OTP) memories. Table 1-Wire Devices Circuit Board Identification Part Technology Memory Appl. Type Voltage DS2401 DS2432 DS2433 DS2406 DS2502 DS2505 DS2506* EEPROM EEPROM EPROM EPROM EPROM EPROM bits bytes bytes bytes bytes 2048 bytes 8192 bytes Minimalist Nameplate Nameplate Nameplate Nameplate Nameplate Nameplate 2.8V 5.5V 2.8V 5.5V 2.8V 5.5V 2.8V 5.5V 2.8V 5.5V,12V write 2.8V 5.5V, write 2.8V 5.5V, write DS2430A* EEPROM Packages Plastic, Plastic, Plastic, Plastic, Plastic, Extras bytes Challenge Response controlled pins
bytes Nameplate
Plastic, (excl. UNW) UniqueWareversion Plastic Plastic UniqueWare version UniqueWare version
2.8V 5.5V, write *The DS2506 DS2430A longer recommended designs.
Circuit Board Identification Overview
indicated column APPL. TYPE Table there ways identify printed circuit board. minimalist approach based devices using technology. nameplate approach requires user-programmable memory store PnP-related information. Table shows identification alternatives both approaches. Reference numbers beginning with indicate minimalist approach. nameplate approach there devices EEPROM technology (reference numbers beginning with EPROM (numbers beginning with Within each these groups, reference letter stands generic, off-the-shelf parts. letter used parts that have customized ROM. customization explained section Minimalist Approach. letter indicates special features such protected memory (2C) factory pre-programmed parts (3C). more details this section Nameplate Approach. With customized devices, cloning protection achieved restricted supply. Clone manufacturers will able customized parts. achieve protection with generic devices (excluding DS2432) necessary manipulate data, e.g., means encryption. Common encryption methods (e.g., cipher block chaining) rely ("secret") initialization vector. Embedding unique registration number memory chip initialization vector ensures that identical source data looks different every individual device. This way, data copied from chip another, copy will work application. Details about encryption algorithms software available Internet, example National Institute Standards Technology website.
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Table Overview Identification Alternatives Reference Approach Cloning Protection Plug Play Automation Min. order Typical. volume Identification Limited Medium Nameplate With encryption High Nameplate High parts 100k p.a. Nameplate High Nameplate With encryption High Nameplate High Nameplate High Minimalist Minimalist
parts 100k p.a.
parts parts 100k p.a. 500k p.a. DS2502: DS2505: DS2506: DS2406: DS2502U: DS2505U: DS2506U: ("U" indicates UniqueWare)
Relative chip cost (@10k)
DS2502: DS2430A: DS2505: DS2401: DS2430A: DS2401: DS2433: DS2432: DS2433: DS2506: DS2406:
*There setup custom parts, which included this cost comparison.
Minimalist Approach
lowest-cost method identifying circuit boards (1A) uses generic (non-customized) DS2401 silicon serial numbers relies central database that associates registration number 1-Wire chip individual board. lack user-programmable memory, this approach does support PnP. somewhat more costly alternative (1B) uses devices with customized registration number. This allows customer (board manufacturer) specify bits 64-bit content (Figure Having control over some bits allows limited compliance. central database still required associate content individual board. function, circuitry board must able read 1-Wire device able forward information host CPU. Since customized chips only sold original customer authorized agents, they controlled products that available clone manufacturers. take advantage this, firmware must able distinguish between legitimate customized chips generic chips customized chips made other customers. Generic devices (1A) easy order and, small quantities, usually shipped from stock. Customized devices (1B) manufactured order have lead-time weeks. Contact Maxim sales organization copy registration form. typical chip minimalist approach DS2401. Minimalist Approach-No User Memory-Comparison Table Generic Device Method Precondition Administration Database lookup based registration number. Database that uses registration number access detailed product information. Enter registration number every board into database associate (reference detailed product information. Lowest chip cost. Database automation limited tester reading registration numbers batch boards then transmitting them list database; association product information created manually. Requires access (remote) database read board's detailed information.
Cloning Protection None Advantages
Disadvantages
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Method Precondition
Customized Device Database lookup based registration number. Board types board versions distinguished different codes customer-specified section (subfield) registration number. Database that uses registration number access detailed product information. Enter registration number every board into database associate (reference detailed product information. portion product information automatically identified content customerspecified bits (subfield). chip less costly than memory chips nameplate approach.
Administration
Cloning Protection
Advantages
Less prone human error, provided that right chip mounted board. different products product versions require different test programs, name test program used verify that right chip mounted board. Database automation limited tester reading registration numbers batch boards then transmitting them list together with test program name database.
Disadvantages
Requires access (remote) database read board's detailed information. Logistics stocking using different customized chips.
Figure Generic Customized Registration Number Option million serial numbers subfield value Option 16.7 million serial numbers subfield value Option 1.04 million serial numbers subfield value
Examples
Generic DS2401 representation sample registration number:
Customized DS2401, customer hex, option subfield contents representation sample registration number:
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most significant customized family code always From reading customized cannot tell what selected option However, particular customer identification code device, option remains same variations user-defined subfield content.
Nameplate Approach
devices suitable nameplate approach have user-programmable memory store PnPrelated information. nameplate approach essential list data items that required function, define identify each data item, decide format which (numerical, logical, text) value each data item represented. format customized particular application save space industry-standard, larger, format like (extendible markup language). Further data items added list, provided that they identified format been selected. data items then stored after another sequence memory board identification chip. Alternatively, embed data between length byte beginning check end, store data file. More information file format 1-Wire devices found application note 114, "1-Wire File Structure." Depending memory size bytes) there space other information, such manufacturing data. Since information stored chip board, there real need access central database information about board. However, still good practice maintain such database store information that does into memory chip intentionally kept away from public access (e.g., bill material, names component vendors). with minimalist approach, 64-bit registration number that database. price identification chip depends storage capacity (memory size) technology manufactured shown example later this document, information that essential fits easily into bytes even less. storing additional information considered, bytes small memory chips enough. Conversely, with 2048-byte chip there plenty room store entire bill material more than items compact format. Using less storage-efficient tagging format, 2048 bytes still enough include bill material items. Suitable memory chips nameplate approach manufactured technologies: EEPROM OTP-EPROM. either technology there generic chips (referenced EEPROM EPROM) well ROM-customized chips respectively). customization same described minimalist approach (see Figure same restrictions recommendations apply. protected EEPROM (2C) customized user installing 8-byte secret device. Once installed, secret- contrast password-is never exposed 1-Wire line. When writing protected EEPROM, host computer needs send 160-bit message authentication code, which calculated from secret other data. When reading EEPROM, device also generate authentication code that allows master verify whether chip knows correct secret without ever exposing secret itself. UniqueWare devices (3C) special case customization. customer-specific programming takes place more first four memory pages. always includes Project distinguish between data patterns customers) customer-specified serialization. UniqueWare subject same restrictions devices with customized ROM. more information UniqueWare refer application note "UniqueWareProject Setup Manual Revision 2.00B." Generic devices (2A, easy order small quantities usually shipped from stock. Customized devices (2B, manufactured order have lead-time weeks. Contact Maxim sales organization copy registration form. UniqueWare devices (3C) also programmed demand. However, since customization takes place packaged part, lead-time shorter than ROM-customized parts. smallest EEPROM chip nameplate approach (2A, DS2430A. special feature, this chip, addition bytes re-programmable memory, 8-byte one-time programmable register. DS2433 storage capacity bytes, organized pages bytes each. DS2432 protected EEPROM (2C) store bytes pages bytes) application data 8-byte secret. There eight more registers control functions. EPROM technology (3A, there four devices chose from: DS2502 (128 bytes), DS2505 (2048 bytes), DS2506 (8192 bytes), DS2406 (128 bytes). these devices organized memory pages bytes. addition memory, DS2406 extra pins that under software control function open-drain output (actuator) digital input (sensor). DS2502, DS2505, DS2506 also available UniqueWare versions (3C).
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Nameplate Approach-EEPROM-Comparison Table Generic Device Method Precondition User-programmable memory chip stores relevant data circuit board. Optional: Database lookup based registration number additional data. Definition data, additional data desired), data representation, formatting. Board tester that programs memory chip final test. Optional: Database access additional product information. Ensure that board tester uses correct software. Optional: Create link between tester database store board registration number, copy chip data, board test results. Highly automated database. memory chip programmed with incorrect data, reprogrammed. More costly than minimalist approach. Unless encrypted, data safe from unauthorized changes. Customized Device (Same (Same (Same (Same More costly than generic device. Unless encrypted, data safe from unauthorized changes. Protected Device (Customization User) (Same Board tester, which final test installs secret memory chip programs with desired data. (Otherwise same Administration Cloning Protection Advantages Disadvantages Ensure that board tester uses correct software correct secret. (Otherwise same Yes, encryption optional. Data read altered without knowing secret. secret write-protected. (Otherwise same More costly than minimalist approach.
Administration
Cloning Protection unless data encrypted. Advantages Disadvantages Method Precondition Administration Advantages Disadvantages Method Precondition
Cloning Protection Yes, encryption optional
Nameplate Approach-OTP EPROM-Comparison Table Generic Device Method Precondition Administration (Same Board tester with capability that programs memory chip final test. (Otherwise same (Same Highly automated database. memory chip programmed with incorrect data, incorrect data invalidated data written unused memory section available). Data write-protected blocks bytes. Disadvantages More costly than minimalist approach. Requires writing memory chip.
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Cloning Protection unless data encrypted. Advantages
Method Precondition Administration Advantages Disadvantages
Customized Device (Same (Same (Same (Same More costly than generic device. Requires writing memory chip. Partially Preprogrammed Device-UniqueWare Customized chip preprogrammed partially write protected chip factory.
Cloning Protection Yes, encryption optional.
Method
Remaining user-programmable memory stores relevant data circuit board. Optional: Database lookup based registration number additional data.
Precondition Administration Cloning Protection Advantages Disadvantages
Definition serialization format constant data that pre-programmed chip factory. (Otherwise same (Same Yes, encryption optional. (Same (Same
Nameplate Design Considerations
electronic nameplate include data items that required PnP, means identify each data item, value each item suitable format. Space permitting, there additional information added nameplate. with metal paper nameplates, might want include company's name address information. Since OTP-EPROM bits only programmed from format definition that allows changing programmed data under such constraints desirable. following sample design concept meets these requirements. nameplate begins with ASCII string company name website address, followed byte delimiter. subsequent data organized groups. Each group contains data items particular purpose. Each data item identification number 255) that unique within group. length data item values within group same. Each group begins with introductory byte that identifies group number value length bytes) that applies group. group number stored higher nibble introductory byte, leaving lower four bits specify value length. After last value group there byte delimiter. viability this definition demonstrated TINI®-board, miniature server size SIMM board. TINI server consists approximately components, including microprocessor. Some components jumpers installed only certain versions board. data organized into groups, manufacturing data data, shown Table Table Sample Nameplate Contents Group Function Items Ident. Length bytes each Format
Product name Part number Manufacturing Data Hardware revision Date code/lot number chip select size Ethernet Chip Presence Ethernet Chip SIMM connection Non-volatizer presence
ASCII Numeric Numeric (Mbits) Boolean Boolean Boolean
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Data
byte each
manufacturing data includes everything that typical integrated circuits. this information represented ASCII text more than bytes each item. data consists five parameters: number chip select lines, size each chip, presence Ethernet chip, connection Ethernet chip SIMM pins, presence nonvolatizer. first these parameters have numeric value; three others "Boolean", which means they either true false. Although these Boolean parameters could merged into three bits single byte, this done this example. Instead, full byte "true" "false" used. full nameplate including company name will look like this: (C)MAXIM www.ibutton.com<00> <1C><01>TINI SERVER <02>90-TINI1-512<03>REVB1 030900<04>0023B/117989<00> Information between angled brackets represents bytes hexadecimal format. other information plain ASCII text. whole nameplate requires just bytes, which easily DS2502 chip. bigger memory chip chosen, could include full parts list bill material nameplate. this purpose parameter groups could organized like this: Group Function Length Format (varies) ASCII ASCII ASCII ASCII ASCII ASCII ASCII ASCII
Manufacturing data bytes each ASCII Plug Play data byte each Batteries Capacitors Diodes Transistors Resistors part part Crystals Circuit Board bytes each bytes each bytes each bytes each bytes each bytes each bytes each bytes each
bytes each ASCII
Applied same example board, this information would into less than 1kB. this estimate, proprietary part numbering system chosen that assigns 12-character part number anything including component parts. Since first three characters component parts always same they were omitted, reducing length nine characters. part numbers integrated circuits group nine start with different code. this reason full length used. Since identification number precedes each item within group, sequence items critical. sequence groups changed also, because each group identified introductory byte. This flexibility allows invalidating group individual parameter within group redefine later. This particular interest with OTP-EPROM devices. Changing group number invalidates group; don't change bits that specify length parameters within group. copy whole group then appended after last parameter group. invalidate redefine parameter, change parameter number original location append version parameter group with parameter value. necessary also include those parameters group that have changed. Invalidation redefinition values groups necessary with EEPROM devices. anything changes, entire data re-written. sample design concept described above create nameplate. binary ASCII data minimizes memory consumption, standardized. Less memory-efficient standardized format, which uses ASCII codes only. format, same example look like this: <NamePlate name="TINI SERVER"> <Company> (C)MAXIM www.ibutton.com </Company> <ProdData> <PartNo> 90-TINI1-512 </PartNo> <Rev> 030900 </Rev> <Date> 0023B/117989 </Date> </ProdData> <Config> <MemChips> </MemChips> <MemSize> 4Mbits </MemSize> <EthChip> true </EthChip>
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<EthSimm> true </EthSimm> <NonVol> true </NonVol> </Config> </NamePlate> This file bytes long; formatted 1-Wire file structure described application note 114, this nameplate will fill memory pages DS2433 chip. size file reduced choosing shorter abbreviations each parameter.
Obtaining Conventional Board Serial Number
Despite having electronic board identification nameplate, there desire also print conventional, humanreadable serial number circuit board. hexadecimal form serial number already included 64-bit registration number. nameplate approach chosen, embed decimal serial number design nameplate. UniqueWare, special case nameplate approach, already includes customer-specified serialization factory-programmed memory section. Altogether there four cases distinguished: Generic Silicon, Minimalist Approach (Reference conventional serial number, take 48-bit serial number (see Figure convert into decimal number. Since DS2401, typical chip minimalist approach, produced large quantities resulting decimal number digits long. Customized Silicon, Minimalist Nameplate Approach (References conventional serial number, take content serialization section convert into decimal number. shown Figure serialization section customized parts does exceed bits. This limits length serial number decimal digits (option digits under option Depending forecasted demand, 7-digit printed serial number acceptable. When defining format printed serial number should decide whether include user-defined subfield. hexadecimal format functions case; depending subfield content, could take digits binary-coded decimal (BCD) print them straight decimal numbers. When printing whole registration number parts hexadecimal format, should printed left family code right. Example: 25002066007A8081. Omitting family code CRC, leaves 002066007A80, customer identification combination user-defined subfield serial number. Knowing option this example), tell that actual serial number this device 007A80 hexadecimal 31360 decimal. this example, subfield seen decimal well hexadecimal. Generic Silicon, Nameplate Approach (References preferred conventional serial number include decimal form nameplate. This type serialization needs managed software that controls board tester, task that easy expected. Since serial number definition needs different every part, gang-programming identification chips before they mounted circuit board option. Instead including serialization nameplate, could fall back same procedure case Generic Silicon, Minimalist approach. Partially Preprogrammed Silicon, Nameplate Approach (Reference elegant solving serialization problem, which arises with generic silicon nameplate approach, UniqueWare. contrast customization, with UniqueWare customization takes place EPROM section chip. Starting with ROM-customized silicon, EPROM programmed with project identification number, customer-specified decimal hexadecimal serialization, plus (optional) customer-supplied constant data. factory-programmed memory pages write-protected. conventional serial number read straight from EPROM and, decimal serialization chosen, used without number conversion. UniqueWare devices have customized family code share customer distinguish them from generic silicon (see Table project identification number ensures that devices programmed different customers/ applications always identifiable, even data specification exactly same. (See Table example.) Since UniqueWare parts only available programmed with customer-specific data-never "blank" parts-they offer same level protection other customized silicon parts, plus benefits convenient serialization shorter lead time. more information UniqueWare specify desired data pattern serialization refer application note
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Table UniqueWare Section Device Type DS2502U DS2505U DS2506U Example 64-Bit Registration Number 8-bit UniqueWare Identifier Device Serial Number Family Code (hex format) (hex format) (hex format)
Connection Main Circuit
data host CPU, board identification chip must connected circuitry board. interface shown Figure fits bi-directional port. open-drain characteristic, port 8051-compatible microcontroller preferred choice drive 1-Wire line.
Figure Dual-Read Mode Interface During normal operation, port pulled high through 2.2k resistor. parasitic diode inside MOSFET ensures that voltage 1-Wire device gets close even zero MOSFET off. microcontroller puts logic (0V) port pin, high enough make transistor conducting. This voltage port propagated through transistor 1-Wire device. transmit 0-bit microcontroller, 1-Wire device shorts 1-Wire line Ground short time. During that time current flows from through resistor through parasite diode MOSFET through 1-Wire device. Despite voltage drop between source drain MOSFET, voltage port remains permissible range safely recognized logic transmit 1-bit, 1-Wire device remains high impedance. result, 1-Wire line pulled resistor soon microcontroller stops pulling low. board powered, read 1-Wire chip through external probe point. 2.2k resistor ensures that MOSFET which keeps transistor non-conducting, preventing current flow from external 1-Wire reader into other circuitry board. jumper shown Figure only required with EPROM devices. must removed protect MOSFET from pulses, which tester applies program EPROM chip with nameplate data. After programming completed, jumper must reinstalled give microcontroller access identification chip. concept circuit Figure applied other types serial interface; however, decoupling transistor will necessary data line well clock control signals. also necessary de-couple power line serial memory chip. Instead simple 2-pin probe point, 5-pin connector required. further disadvantage, non-1-Wire serial memory devices don't come with built-in customizable serialization. With security features, DS2432 unique market.
Real World Example
TINI-board, which chosen example nameplate design considerations, actually includes electronic nameplate. Ethernet interface, each these boards needs Ethernet Address. easiest implement such addresses silicon means UniqueWare. Since UniqueWare data consumes only memory page DS2502 memory chip, there were three memory pages available nameplate extra cost. actual TINI nameplate design somewhat different from sample design concept. This acceptable long relevant data included, identifiable, value. TINI nameplate contains seven data entities tags, shown Table
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Table TINI Nameplate Contents Name Length Format Possible Values TAG_TINI_HW_VERSION TAG_DATE_CODE TAG_RAM_CHIP_SELECT_CONFIG TAG_RAM_SIZE_EACH_CONFIG TAG_SMC_NOT_PLACED bytes bytes byte bytes byte byte byte ASCII numeric numeric numeric numeric numeric numeric (text string) (UNIX 32-bit time format) 16777216 bytes Ethernet available, Ethernet unavailable pins connected, pins connected non-volatizer used, non-volatizer used
TAG_SMC_PORT_PINS_CONNECTED TAG_NONVOLATIZER_NOT_PLACED
Each identified number that followed length byte value. Beginning with number seven tags concatenated form TINI configuration data. configuration data reformatted into data packets bytes each, matching size memory page. Each packet begins with length byte ends with CRC16. resulting data pattern including UniqueWare data sample device shown Table Table Sample TINI Identification Chip. UniqueWare Section Address 0000 0010 Address 0020 0030 0040 0050 0060 0070
Nameplate Section
Color Code Legend Data Packet Length Byte Data Packet UniqueWare Project Identification Number UniqueWare serialization
UniqueWare constant data (IEEE® company Identification) color unused byte) Nameplate Parameter Number Parameter Length Nameplate Parameter Value
read nameplate, needs identify numbers that followed size. many subsequent bytes indicated length value. next byte again number, Table shows data Table decoded form. When decoding values, important know that multi-byte numbers stored with least significant byte lower address ("Little Endian" byte order). restore natural sequence digits needs write down bytes (not digits) reverse order (i.e., from right left shown "Explanation" column). Text stored natural sequence (i.e., first character lower address).
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Table Nameplate Decoded Value UniqueWare Section (N/A) (N/A) Nameplate Section (text) Explanation Ethernet Extension 0093B8 (UniqueWare serialization) Ethernet Company 006035 (UniqueWare constant data) Text TINI Model DSTINI1-512" chip select decimal 524288 bytes (512K) Ethernet chip available port pins connected SIMM edge connector Non-volatizer used (N/A) UniqueWare Project number 00001129
3A363EA0 December 2000, 15:05:04 hours (see note)
NOTE: date code 3A363EA0 represents 976633504 seconds after hours January 1st, 1970. This time format assumes that exactly hours. conversion from seconds time therefore very straightforward. computation date includes leap year compensation more complex. description algorithm convert from conventional time date seconds vice versa application note 517, "DS1371/DS1372/DS1374 32Bit Binary Counter Time Conversion." Since configuration data packetized using length byte beginning CRC16 end, possible invalidate parameter (e.g., update nameplate after second memory chip installed). This would have been possible without packetizing. This packetizing, however, protects data chip against memory errors. CRC16 would match memory flipped. safeguard against errors during communication, 1-Wire EPROM chips support read function that automatically generates based memory data transmits after memory page. 1-Wire registered trademark Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. IEEE registered service mark Institute Electrical Electronics Engineers. TINI registered trademark Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. UniqueWare trademark Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
Application note 178: www.maxim-ic.com/an178 More Information technical support: www.maxim-ic.com/support samples: www.maxim-ic.com/samples Other questions comments: www.maxim-ic.com/contact
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AN178, 178, APP178, Appnote178, Appnote Copyright Maxim Integrated Products Additional legal notices: www.maxim-ic.com/legal
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