APN1007 Introduction Modern multiband cellular handsets multiple

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Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007 Introduction
Modern multiband cellular handsets multiple voltage control oscillator (VCO) functions accommodate many down/up conversions intermediate frequency (IF) portion. Using separate VCOs would cause substantial increase cost size radio frequency (RF) section. This component overload resolved implementing band switchable VCOs. many commercial switchable VCOs reactive elements tank circuit switched. This function usually performed with diodes. disadvantage this solution that closed circuit state ("diode state) there current flowing through diode. This current carries electrical noise which directly modulates frequency. Therefore, noise spectrum grow significantly beyond filter range. This type switching also limits switching within 10-15 percent center frequency, strong effect diode series resistance tank circuit losses, increasing phase noise. this paper, describe switchable solution which employs switching between separate tank circuits. This reduces effect diode series resistance noise performance results virtually unlimited switching range individual optimization each tank circuit.
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A
Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007
170_420_Dual_Resonator
Figure Model
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A
Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007
Model
circuit schematic Figure traditional Colpitts structure, varactors connected shunt capacitors. Tank inductors, providing bias varactors, shunted ground common point with capacitor Inductors modeled lossy elements (with MHz) parallel with capacitors 0.38 0.28 respectively. This typical multilayer inductors style 0603 footprint), (TOKO Coils Filters catalogue). tank inductor values were optimized desired frequency bands. Capacitor modeled series network with length transmission line TL3, appropriated position layout (see later). Series capacitative reactances, also modeled lossy series networks, with their appropriate layout-specific transmission lines, TL2. Shunt capacitors, effects multiple components pads. bias resistance, SRL2, chosen relatively small, avoid significant thermal noise generation. diodes were modeled parallel networks, PRC1 PRC2, with switching resistances RSW_L RSW_H, band high band branches respectively. appropriate biasing resistors shown shunt elements ground, respectively. truth table showing values RSW_L RSW_H appropriate low/high switching shown Table
RSW_L 3000 RSW_H 3000 State Band High Band
Colpitts feedback capacitances, CDIV1 CDIV2 were optimized provide reasonable power response over switching range. NE68519 transistor selected high gain noise performance. output supplied from emitter load resistance, through coupling capacitor, modeled series SLC1 component. Figure shows Libra Test Bench. test bench define open loop gain, VOut/VIn, ratio voltage phasors input output ports OSCTEST component. Defining oscillation point balances input (loop) power provide zero gain zero loop phase shift. Once oscillation point defined, frequency output power measured. don't recommend using OSCTEST2 component closed loop analysis, since always converge does allow clear insight into understanding behavior. This considered advantage modeling over purely experimental study. Figure shows Default Bench. variables used more convenient tuning during performance analysis optimization listed "variables equations" component.
SMV1142-011 SMV1408-011 SPICE Models
SPICE models SMV1142-011 SMV1408-011 varactor diodes defined Libra environment, shown Figure Figure with description parameters employed.
Table Truth Table
Capacitor improves band matching tank circuit, insignificantly affecting high band performances tank, because high resistance PRC1 "low band" state. This component removed narrower frequency switching.
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A
Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007
Figure Libra Test Bench
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A
Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007
Figure Default Bench
Figure SPICE Model SMV1142-011
Figure SPICE Model SMV1408-011
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A
Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007
Parameter IBVL NBVL TNOM Series resistance
Description Saturation current (with determine characteristics diode) Emission coefficient (with determines characteristics diode) Transit time Zero-bias junction capacitance (with defines nonlinear junction capacitance diode) Junction potential (with (CJO defines nonlinear junction capacitance diode) Grading coefficient (with (CJO defines nonlinear junction capacitance diode) Energy (with XTI, helps define dependence temperature) Saturation current temperature exponent (with helps define dependence temperature) Flicker noise coefficient Flicker noise exponent Forward-bias depletion capacitance coefficient Reverse breakdown voltage Current reverse breakdown voltage Recombination current parameter Emission coefficient High-injection knee current Reverse breakdown ideality factor Low-level reverse breakdown knee current Low-level reverse breakdown ideality factor Nominal ambient temperature which these model parameters were derived Flicker noise frequency exponent
Unit
Default 1e-14 1.11 Infinity 1e-3 Infinity
Table Model Parameters
Table describes model parameters. shows default values appropriate silicon varactor diodes that used Libra simulator. According SPICE model Figures varactor capacitance, function applied reverse voltage, expressed follows:
VVAR
Part Number SMV1142-011 SMV1408-011
(pF) 13.4
(pF) 0.13
(nH)
Table Optimized Coefficients Capacitance Voltage
SMV1142-011 approximation
Capacitance (pF)
This equation mathematical expression capacitance characteristic. model accurate abrupt junction varactors (like Alpha's SMV1408). model less accurate hyperabrupt junction varactors because coefficients dependent applied voltage. make above equation work better hyperabrupt varactors, coefficients were optimized best capacitance voltage shown Table Figure Note: Libra model shown Figure given picofarads, while given farads comply with default unit system used Libra.
SMV1408-011 approximation SMV1408-011 SMV1142-011
Varactor Voltage Figure Capacitance Voltage
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A
Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007
Design, Materials, Layout Performance
Figure shows circuit diagram.
SMV1139-011 SMP1320-011 VTUNE SMV1408-011 SMP1320-011 NE68519 VSW_Low
VSW_High
Figure Circuit Diagram
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A
Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007
Table shows bill materials used.
Designator Value Part Number 0603AU8R0JAT9 0603AU471JAT9 0603AU101JAT9 0603AU101JAT9 0603AU101JAT9 0603AU200JAT9 0603AU150JAT9 0603AU100JAT9 0603AU101JAT9 0603AU200JAT9 0603AU300JAT9 0603AU101JAT9 LL1608-F12NS LL1608-F56NS CR10-301J-T CR10-152J-T CR10-152J-T CR10-152J-T CR10-101J-T CR10-302J-T CR10-682J-T Footprint Manufacturer 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 0603 TOKO TOKO
layout shown Figure board made standard, thick, material. Figures show measured performance this circuit simulated results obtained with model Figure both high band states there good compliance frequency response. Some difference measured data simulation probably 5-10 percent variation circuit capacitances inductances from their nominal values. band simulated power response fair agreement with measured performance, assuming measurement uncertainty power response difference high band underestimated circuit component losses. example, decrease inductor Q-quality from decreases output power about increase resistance switching diode from will decrease power about
SMV1408-011 SMV1408-011 SOD-323 ALPHA IND. SMV1142-011 SMV1142-011 SOD-323 ALPHA IND. SMP1320-011 SMP1320-011 SOD-323 ALPHA IND. SMP1320-011 SMP1320-011 SOD-323 ALPHA IND. NE68519 NE68519 SOT-419
Table Bill Materials
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A
Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007
Figure Layout
Frequency
Frequency
Output Power (dBm)
Output Power (dBm)
Frequency (MHz)
Frequency (MHz)
Measured points Power
Measured points Power
Varactor Voltage Figure Band Measured Simulated Results
Varactor Voltage Figure High Band Measured Simulated Results
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A
Switchable Dual-Band 170/420 Handset Cellular Applications
APN1007
Figure shows phase noise high band state frequency offset. shows better than dBc/Hz offset. This measurement made using PN9000 Phase Noise Test Set, courtesy Aeroflex Comstron, Plainview, (www.aeroflex.com). Phase noise both bands measured with HP8564E spectrum analyzer. offset noise dBc/Hz both bands. expected that phase noise would better band. poorer
measured phase noise band attributed spectrum analyzer method where internal noise close measurement level. also related wide-bandwidth matching requirement feedback circuit, which makes difficult satisfy noise optimums both bands simultaneously. design compromise balance noise performance between both bands. event, dBc/Hz considered acceptable digital cellular applications.
Figure High Band Phase Noise Frequency
List Available Documents
Switchable Simulation Project Files Libra Switchable Circuit Schematic Layout Protel Client, 1998 Version Switchable Gerber Photo-plot Files (For availability listed materials, please call applications engineering staff.)
Related Application Notes
Varactor SPICE Models Applications Colpitts Wideband (0.95-2.15 GHz) Set-Top Tuner Applications Balanced Wideband Set-top Tuner Applications Alpha Industries, Inc., 1999. rights reserved.
Alpha Industries, Inc. [781] 935-5150 [617] 824-4579 Email sales@alphaind.com www.alphaind.com
Specifications subject change without notice. 6/99A

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