(renamed "EIA232 Standard" early 1990's) Written Christopher Strangio
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RS232 Standard
(renamed "EIA232 Standard" early 1990's) Written Christopher Strangio Copyright 1993-2006 CAMI Research Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts Send Your Comments Contents What EIA232? Likely Problems when Using EIA232 Interface Assignments Cable Wiring Examples (New!) Signal Definitions Signal Ground Shield Primary Communications Channel Secondary Communications Channel Modem Status Control Signals Transmitter Receiver Timing Signals Channel Test Signals Electrical Standards Common Signal Ground Signal Characteristics Signal Timing Accepted Simplifications Standard Description Index References Publications Back CableEye® Home Page
What EIA232? Next Topic early 1960s, standards committee, today known Electronic Industries Association, developed common interface standard data communications equipment. that time, data communications thought mean digital data exchange between centrally located mainframe computer remote computer terminal, possibly between terminals without computer involved. These devices were linked telephone voice lines, consequently required modem each signal translation. While simple concept, many opportunities data error that occur when transmitting data through analog channel require relatively complex design. thought that standard needed first ensure reliable communication, second enable interconnection equipment produced different manufacturers, thereby fostering benefits mass production competition. From these ideas, RS232 standard born. specified signal voltages, signal timing, signal function, protocol information exchange, mechanical connectors. Over years since this standard developed, Electronic Industries Association published
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RS232 Standard
three modifications, most recent being EIA232F standard introduced 1997. Besides changing name from RS232 EIA232, some signal lines were renamed various ones were defined, including shield conductor.
Likely Problems when Using EIA232 Interface Next Topic Previous Topic During this 40-year-long, rapidly evolving period electronics, manufacturers adopted simplified versions this interface applications that were impossible envision 1960s. Today, virtually contemporary serial interfaces EIA232-like their signal voltages, protocols, connectors, whether modem involved. Because single "simplified" standard agreed upon, however, many slightly different protocols cables were created that obligingly mate with EIA232 connector, incompatible with each other. Most difficulties will encounter EIA232 interfacing include least following: absence misconnection flow control (handshaking) signals, resulting buffer overflow communications lock-up. Incorrect communications function (DTE versus DCE) cable use, resulting reversal Transmit Receive data lines well more handshaking lines. Incorrect connector gender configuration, preventing cable connectors from mating properly. Fortunately, EIA232 driver circuitry highly tolerant misconnections, will usually survive drive signal being connected ground, drive signals connected each other. case, serial interface between devices operating correctly, disconnect cable joining this equipment until problem isolated.
Assignments Next Topic Previous Topic Pinout (looking into computer's serial connector) Pinout (looking into modem's serial connector) full EIA232 standard implemented defined, equipment connection named device (Data Terminal Equipment, usually computer terminal), male DB25 connector, utilizes available pins signals ground. Equipment near connection (the telephone line interface) named device (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment, usually modem), female DB25 connector, utilizes same available pins signals ground. cable linking devices parallel straight-through cable with cross-overs self-connects connector hoods. devices exactly followed this standard, cables would identical, there would chance that incorrectly wired cable could used. This drawing shows orientation connector types devices:
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RS232 Standard
EIA232 communication function connector types personal computer modem. devices sometimes called "Data Communications Equipment" instead Data Circuit-terminating Equipment.
Here full EIA232 signal definition device (usually PC). most commonly used signals shown bold. [back Assignments description]
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RS232 Standard
Copyright 1993-2002 CAMI Research Inc.
This shows full EIA232 signal definition device (usually modem). most commonly used signals shown bold. [back Assignments description]
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RS232 Standard
Copyright 1993-2003 CAMI Research Inc.
Many signal lines EIA232 standard pertain connections where device modem, then used only when software protocol employs them. device that modem, when devices directly linked, fewer signal lines necessary. have noticed pinout drawings that there secondary channel which includes duplicate flow-control signals. This secondary channel provides management remote modem, enabling baud rates changed fly, retransmission requested parity error detected, other control functions. This secondary channel, when used, typically operate very baud rate comparison with primary channel ensure reliability control path. addition, operate either simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex channel, depending capabilities modem. Transmitter receiver timing signals (pins used only synchronous transmission protocol. standard asynchronous 8-bit protocol, external timing signals unnecessary. IMPORTANT: Signal names that imply direction, such Transmit Data Receive Data, named from point view device. EIA232 standard were strictly followed, these signals would have same name same number
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RS232 Standard
side well. Unfortunately, this done practice most engineers, probably because keep straight which side which DCE. result, direction-sensitive signal names changed side reflect their drive direction DCE. following list gives conventional usage signal names:
Cable Wiring Examples Next Topic Previous Topic following wiring diagrams come from actual cables scanned CableEye® PC-Based Cable Test System. CableEye's software automatically draws schematics whenever tests cable. Click here learn more about CableEye. All-Line Direct Extension Next Cable previous cable) Next Topic This shows 9-pin DTE-to-DCE serial cable that would result EIA232 standard were strictly followed. pins plus shield directly extended from Female Male. There crossovers self-connects present. this cable connect modems, printers, device that uses connector PC's serial port. This cable also serve extension cable increase distance between computer serial device. Caution: exceed feet separation between devices without signal booster! Left Side: Connect (computer) Right Side: Connect (modem other serial device)
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RS232 Standard
Cable image created CableEye®
Loopback Connector Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic loopback connector usually consists connector without cable includes internal wiring reroute signals back sender. This female connector would attach device such personal computer. When computer receives data, will know whether signals receives come from remote device echo characters, from loopback connector. loopback connectors confirm proper operation computer's serial port. Once confirmed, insert serial cable plan attach loopback serial cable verify cable. this case, Transmit Data joins Received Data, Request-to-Send joins Clear-to-Send, DTE-Ready joins DCE-Ready Received Line Signal Detect. Left Side: Connect (computer) Right Side: (none)
Cable image created CableEye®
Null Modem Cable Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic this female-to-female cable application where wish connect devices (for example, computers). male-to-male equivalent this cable would used connect devices. cable shown below intended RS232 asynchronous communications (most PC-based systems). using synchronous communications,
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null modem will have additional connections timing signals, DB25 connector would necessary. NOTE: null modem cables connect handshaking lines same way. this cable, Request-to-Send (RTS, asserts Carrier Detect (pin same side Clear-to-Send (CTS, other side cable. This device also available form adapter. Left Side: Connect 9-pin (computer) Right Side: Connect 9-pin (computer)
Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Adapter Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic Signals DB25 side directly mapped assignments device. this adapt 25-pin connector back computer mate with 9-pin serial device, such 9-pin serial mouse modem. This adapter also form cable. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
Right Side: Connect 9-pin (modem)
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Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Adapter (pin connected shield) Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic This adapter same wiring previous cable (#4) except that wired connector shell (shield). Note that cable's shield usually foil blanket surrounding conductors running length cable joining connector shells. EIA232 specification, called "shield", separate from earth ground usually associated with connector shells. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
Right Side: Connect 9-pin (modem)
Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Adapter Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic Signals side directly mapped DB25 assignments device. this adapt 9-pin connector back computer mate with 25-pin serial devices, such modem. This adapter also form cable. Left Side: Connect 9-pin (computer)
Right Side: Connect 25-pin (modem)
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RS232 Standard
Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 All-Line Direct Extension Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic This shows 25-pin DTE-to-DCE serial cable that would result EIA232 standard were strictly followed. pins plus shield directly extended from DB25 Female DB25 Male. There crossovers self-connects present. this cable connect modems, printers, serial device that uses DB25 connector PC's serial port. This cable also serve extension cable increase distance between computer serial device. Caution: exceed feet separation between devices without signal booster! Caution: male this cable (right) also fits PC's parallel printer port. this cable extend length printer cable, attach serial device computer's parallel port. Doing cause damage both devices. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) Right Side: Connect 25-pin (modem)
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RS232 Standard
Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Loopback Connector Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic loopback connector usually consists connector without cable includes internal wiring reroute signals back sender. This DB25 female connector would attach device such personal computer. When computer receives data, will know whether signals receives come from remote device echo characters, from loopback connector. loopback connectors confirm proper operation computer's serial port. Once confirmed, insert serial cable plan attach loopback serial cable verify cable. this case, Transmit Data joins Received Data, Request-to-Send joins Clear-to-Send, DTE-Ready joins DCE-Ready Received Line Signal Detect. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) Right Side: (none)
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RS232 Standard
Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Null Modem handshaking) Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic this female-to-female cable application where wish connect devices (for example, computers). male-to-male equivalent this cable would used connect devices. Note that Pins necessary this null modem cable work. often case, manufacturer equipment that uses this cable proprietary application mind. show here emphasize that custom serial cables include connections which purpose clear. IMPORTANT: This cable employs handshaking lines between devices. handshake signals each side artificially made appear asserted self-connects each side cable (for example, between pins Without hardware handshaking, risk buffer overflow both ends transmission unless commands inserted dataflow software. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) Right Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
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Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Null Modem (standard handshaking) Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic this female-to-female cable application where wish connect devices (for example, computers). male-to-male equivalent this cable would used connect devices. cable shown below intended EIA232 asynchronous communications (most PC-based systems). using synchronous communications, null modem will have additional connections timing signals shown here. NOTE: null modem cables connect handshaking lines same way. Refer manual your equipment experience problems. this cable, Ready (pin side asserts Ready (pin Request Send (pin other side. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) Right Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
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Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Null Modem (unusual handshaking) Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic this female-to-female cable application where wish connect devices (for example, computers). male-to-male equivalent this cable would used connect devices. NOTE: null modem cables connect handshaking lines same way. Refer manual your equipment experience problems. this cable, Ready (pin side asserts Clear Send (pin Ready (pin Carrier Detect (pin other side. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) Right Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
Cable image created CableEye®
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RS232 Standard
DB25 Null Modem (unusual handshaking) Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic this female-to-female cable application where wish connect devices (for example, computers). male-to-male equivalent this cable would used connect devices. NOTE: null modem cables connect handshaking lines same way. Refer manual your equipment experience problems. this cable, Request-to-Send (pin side asserts Clear-to-Send (pin SAME side (self-connect) Carrier Detect (pin other side. other handshaking signals employed conventional manner. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) Right Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Null Modem (unusual handshaking) Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic this female-to-female cable application where wish connect devices (for example, computers). male-to-male equivalent this cable would used connect devices. NOTE: null modem cables connect handshaking lines same way. Refer manual your equipment experience problems. this cable, Ready (pin side asserts Clear-to-Send (pin Ready (pin other side. Request-to-Send (pin side asserts Received Line Signal Detect (pin other side. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) Right Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
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Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Null Modem (unusual handshaking) Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic this female-to-female cable application where wish connect devices (for example, computers). male-to-male equivalent this cable would used connect devices. NOTE: null modem cables connect handshaking lines same way. Refer manual your equipment experience problems. this cable, Ready (pin side asserts Ready (pin Carrier Detect (pin other side. Request Send (pin unused, Clear-to-Send (pin driven proprietary signal (pin determined designer this cable. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) Right Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
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Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Null Modem Cable (synchronous communications) Next Cable Previous Cable Next Topic This female-to-female cable intended synchronous EIA232 connections, designed connect devices. contains standard connections asynchronous null modem cable, plus additional connections pins synchronous timing signals. connect devices, male-to-male equivalent this cable. synchronous communications, null modem cable includes additional conductor timing signals, joins pins side pins other. right side should connect timing signal source. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) Right Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
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Cable image created CableEye®
DB25 Null Modem Cable (unconventional, pose risk) more) Previous Cable Next Topic This simplified null modem cable uses only Request-to-Send (pin Clear-to-Send (pin handshaking lines; Ready, Ready, Carrier Detect employed, this cable should used with modems. CAUTION! Normally, null modem cables have same gender each connector (either both male devices, both female devices). This cable would used when gender devices does conform standard. However, opposite genders imply usage straight through cable, used that manner will function. Further, used standard null-modem between computers, opposite gender allows connect parallel port, impermissible situation that cause hardware damage. Left Side: Connect 25-pin (computer) with Gender Changer Right Side: Connect 25-pin (computer)
Cable image created CableEye®
Signal Definitions Next Topic Previous Topic Signal functions EIA232 standard subdivided into categories. These categories summarized below, after which each signal described. Signal ground shield. Primary communications channel. This used data interchange, includes flow control signals. Secondary communications channel. When implemented, this used control remote modem, requests retransmission when errors occur, governance over setup
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primary channel. Modem status control signals. These signals indicate modem status provide intermediate checkpoints telephone voice channel established. Transmitter receiver timing signals. synchronous protocol used, these signals provide timing information transmitter receiver, which operate different baud rates. Channel test signals. Before data exchanged, channel tested integrity, baud rate automatically adjusted maximum rate that channel support.
Signal Ground Shield Next Topic Previous Topic shell included this category. Cables provide separate paths each, internal wiring often connects cable shell/shield signal ground Ground signals referenced common ground, defined voltage This conductor connected protective ground inside device. existence defined ground potential within cable makes EIA232 standard different from balanced differential voltage standard, such EIA530, which provides greater noise immunity.
Primary Communications Channel Next Topic Previous Topic Transmitted Data (TxD) This signal active when data transmitted from device device. When data transmitted, signal held mark condition (logic '1', negative voltage). NOTE: device commonly labeled "Received Data", although EIA232 standard should still called Transmitted Data because data thought destined remote device. Received Data (RxD) This signal active when device receives data from device. When data transmitted, signal held mark condition (logic '1', negative voltage). NOTE: device commonly labeled "Transmitted Data", although EIA232 standard should still called Received Data because data thought arrive from remote device. Request Send (RTS) This signal asserted (logic '0', positive voltage) prepare device accepting transmitted data from device. Such preparation might include enabling receive circuits, setting channel direction half-duplex applications. When ready, acknowledges asserting Clear Send. NOTE: device commonly labeled "Clear Send", although EIA232 standard should still called Request Send because request thought destined remote device.
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Clear Send (CTS) This signal asserted (logic '0', positive voltage) device inform device that transmission begin. commonly used handshaking signals moderate flow data into device. NOTE: device commonly labeled "Request Send", although EIA232 standard should still called Clear Send because signal thought originate from remote device.
Secondary Communications Channel Next Topic Previous Topic Secondary Transmitted Data (STxD) Secondary Received Data (SRxD) Secondary Request Send (SRTS) Secondary Clear Send (SCTS) These signals equivalent corresponding signals primary communications channel. baud rate, however, typically much slower secondary channel increased reliability.
Modem Status Control Signals Next Topic Previous Topic Ready (DSR) When originating from modem, this signal asserted (logic '0', positive voltage) when following three conditions satisfied: modem connected active telephone line that "off-hook"; modem data mode, voice dialing mode; modem completed dialing call setup functions generating answer tone. line goes "off-hook", fault condition detected, voice connection established, Ready signal deasserted (logic '1', negative voltage). IMPORTANT: Ready originates from device other than modem, asserted indicate that device turned ready function, used all. unused, Ready should permanently asserted (logic '0', positive voltage) within device self-connect jumper cable. Alternatively, device programmed ignore this signal. Ready (DTR) This signal asserted (logic '0', positive voltage) device when wishes open communications channel. device modem, assertion Ready prepares modem connected telephone circuit, and, once connected, maintains connection. When Ready deasserted (logic '1', negative voltage), modem switched
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"on-hook" terminate connection. IMPORTANT: device modem, require Ready asserted before device used, ignore Ready altogether. device (for example, printer) responding, confirm that Ready asserted before search other explanations. Received Line Signal Detector (CD) (also called carrier detect) This signal relevant when device modem. asserted (logic '0', positive voltage) modem when telephone line "off-hook", connection been established, answer tone being received from remote modem. signal deasserted when answer tone being received, when answer tone inadequate quality meet local modem's requirements (perhaps noisy channel). Secondary Received Line Signal Detector (SCD) This signal equivalent Received Line Signal Detector (pin refers secondary channel. Ring Indicator (RI) This signal relevant when device modem, asserted (logic '0', positive voltage) when ringing signal being received from telephone line. assertion time this signal will approximately equal duration ring signal, will deasserted between rings when ringing present. Data Signal Rate Selector This signal originate either devices (but both), used select prearranged baud rates. asserted condition (logic '0', positive voltage) selects higher baud rate.
Transmitter Receiver Timing Signals Next Topic Previous Topic Transmitter Signal Element Timing (TC) (also called Transmitter Clock) This signal relevant only when device modem operating with synchronous protocol. modem generates this clock signal control exactly rate which data sent Transmitted Data (pin from device device. logic logic (negative voltage positive voltage) transition this line causes corresponding transition next data element Transmitted Data line. modem generates this signal continuously, except when performing internal diagnostic functions. Receiver Signal Element Timing (RC) (also called Receiver Clock) This signal similar described above, except that provides timing information receiver. Transmitter Signal Element Timing (ETC) (also called External Transmitter Clock) Timing signals provided device modem. This signal used only when (pins use. logic logic transition (negative voltage positive voltage) indicates time-center data element. Timing signals will provided whenever turned regardless other signal conditions.
Channel Test Signals Next Topic Previous Topic Local Loopback (LL) This signal generated device used place
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RS232 Standard
modem into test state. When Local Loopback asserted (logic '0', positive voltage), modem redirects modulated output signal, which normally into telephone line, back into receive circuitry. This enables data generated echoed back through local modem check condition modem circuitry. modem asserts Test Mode signal acknowledge that been placed local loopback condition. Remote Loopback (RL) This signal generated device used place remote modem into test state. When Remote Loopback asserted (logic '0', positive voltage), remote modem redirects received data back transmitted data input, thereby remodulating received data returning source. When initiates such test, transmitted data passed through local modem, telephone line, remote modem, back, exercise channel confirm integrity. remote modem signals local modem assert Test Mode when remote loopback test underway. Test Mode (TM) This signal relevant only when device modem. When asserted (logic '0', positive voltage), indicates that modem Local Loopback Remote Loopback condition. Other internal self-test conditions also cause Test Mode asserted, depend modem network which attached.
Electrical Standards Next Topic Previous Topic EIA232 standard uses negative, bipolar logic which negative voltage signal represents logic '1', positive voltage represents logic '0'. This probably originated with pre-RS232 current loop standard used 1950s-vintage teletype machines which flowing current (and hence voltage) represents logic '1'. aware that negative logic assignment EIA232 reverse that found most modern digital circuit designs. inside rear cover CableEye manual comparison.
Common Signal Ground Next Topic Previous Topic EIA232 standard includes common ground reference frequently joined circular shield that surrounds cable conductors. Data, timing, control signal voltages measured with respect this common ground. EIA232 cannot used applications where equipment opposite ends connection must electrically isolated. NOTE: optical isolators used achieve ground isolation, however, this option mentioned included EIA232 specification.
Signal Characteristics Next Topic Previous Topic Equivalent Circuit signal lines, regardless whether they provide data, timing, control information, represented electrical equivalent circuit shown here:
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RS232 Standard
This equivalent circuit EIA232 signal line applies signals originating either side connection. "Co" specified standard, assumed small consist parasitic elements only. "Ro" "Vo" chosen that short-circuit current does exceed 500ma. cable length specified standard; acceptable operation experienced with cables that less than feet length.
Signal State Voltage Assignments Voltages -25v with respect signal ground (pin considered logic (the marking condition), whereas voltages +25v considered logic (the spacing condition). range voltages between considered transition region which signal state assigned.
Logic states assigned voltage ranges shown here. Note that this "negative logic" convention, which reverse that used most modern digital designs. Most contemporary applications will show open-circuit signal voltage volts logic (mark), volts logic (space). Voltage magnitudes will slightly less when generator receiver connected (when devices connected with cable). IMPORTANT: insert signal tester EIA232 circuit view signal states, signal voltage drop magnitude very near minimum values logic '1', logic '0'. Also note that some inexpensive EIA232 peripherals powered directly from signal lines avoid using power supply their own. Although this usually works without problems, keep cable short, aware that noise immunity will reduced. Short-Circuit Tolerance generator designed withstand open-circuit (unconnected) condition, short-circuit condition between signal conductor other signal conductor, including ground, without sustaining damage itself causing damage associated circuitry. receiver also designed accept signal voltage within range volts without sustaining
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RS232 Standard
damage. CAUTION: Inductive loads magnetically induced voltages resulting from long cables cause received voltage exceed ±25-volt range momentarily during turn-on transients other abnormal conditions, possibly causing damage generator, receiver, both. Keep cable length short possible, avoid running cable near high-current switching loads like electric motors relays. Fail-Safe Signals Four signals intended fail-safe that during power-off cable-disconnected conditions, they default logic (negative voltage). They are: Request Send Default condition deasserted. Sec. Request Send Default condition deasserted. Ready Default condition ready. Ready Default condition ready. Note specifically that cable connected power generator side, cable disconnected, there should adequate bias voltage receiver keep signal above (logic '0') ensure that fail-safe requirement met. Schmitt triggers other hysteresis devices used enhance noise immunity some designs, should never adjusted compromise fail-safe requirement.
Signal Timing Next Topic Previous Topic EIA232 standard applicable data rates 20,000 bits second (the usual upper limit 19,200 baud). Fixed baud rates EIA232 standard. However, commonly used values 300, 1200, 2400, 9600, 19,200 baud. Other accepted values that often used (mechanical teletype machines), 600, 4800 baud. Changes signal state from logic logic vice versa must abide several requirements, follows: Signals that enter transition region during change state must move through transition region opposite signal state without reversing direction reentering. control signals, transit time through transition region should less than 1ms. Data Timing signals, transit time through transition region should less than periods greater than 25ms, period periods between 25ms 125µs, less than periods less than 125µs. rise fall times data timing signals ideally should equal, case vary more than factor three.
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RS232 Standard
acceptable pulse (top) moves through transition region quickly without hesitation reversal. Defective pulses (bottom) could cause data errors. slope rising falling edges transition should exceed 30v/µS. Rates higher than this induce crosstalk adjacent conductors cable. Note that neither ASCII alphabet asynchronous serial protocol that defines start bit, number data bits, parity bit, stop bit, part EIA232 specification. your reference, discussed Data Communications Basics section this site.
Accepted Simplifications Standard Previous Topic EIA232 document published Electronic Industries Association describes permissible configurations original 22-signal standard. Each configuration uses subset defined signals, serves more limited communications requirement than that suggested using available 22-signals. Applications transmit-only, receive-only, half-duplex operation, similar variations, described. Unfortunately, connection devices other than modems considered. Because many current serial interface applications involve direct device-to-device connections, manufacturers have standard reference when producing printers, plotters, print spoolers, other common peripherals. Consequently, must acquire service manual each peripheral device purchased determine exactly which signals utilized serial interface. Return
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