Thermistors Electrical characteristics RESISTANCE TEMPERATUR
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Thermistors
Thermistors
Electrical characteristics
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC (Log
positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) thermistor resistor, mainly composed solid solutions baryum strontium titanates. addition dopants makes component semiconductive gives typical resistance temperature characteristic shown figure exhibits slight negative temperature coefficient over normal temperature range, sharp rise resistance around Curie point and, higher temperature, coefficient becomes negative again.
Zero power resistance 25°C (R25°C)
zero power resistance (R25°C) resistance value measured 25°C such conditions that change resistance internal generation heat negligible with respect total error measurement.
RESISTANCE
Minimum resistance (Rmin)
Rmin minimum zero power resistance resistance temperature characteristic. measured temperature where temperature coefficient becomes positive.
1000
Switching temperature (Tb)
switching temperature defined temperature which resistance twice minimum resistance Rmin
1000
This temperature corresponds beginning switching thermistor physically related transition temperature Curie point.
R25°C Rmin
Temperature coefficient resistance
temperature coefficient resistance value slope resistance temperature curve between switching temperature other temperature greater than located increasing resistance range. Thus, coefficient, expressed %/°C,
TRmin
TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure Resistance Temperature characteristic thermistors
Electrical characteristics
CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC
static current-voltage curve defines relationship between applied voltage obtained current when thermistor thermal equilibrium state (the Joule effect heating balanced external heat dissipation). curve exhibits zones, shown figures voltage increases from zero, current temperature rise until thermistor reaches switch point. curve approximately straight line, resistance almost constant. further increase voltage leads lower current, resulting constant-power dissipation area.
(mA)
(mA)
T1>T2>T3
(volts)
(volts)
1000
Figure Current-voltage characteristic thermistors (linear scale)
Figure Current-voltage curves different ambient temperatures (Log-Log scale)
current-voltage characteristics described following terms
Maximum voltage (Umax)
Umax maximum voltage that applied continuously thermistor guarantee long term stability.
Maximum overload current (Imo)
This maximum in-rush current that accepted thermistor. necessary limit current through thermistor series resistor
Operating temperature range
This range ambient temperature which thermistor operate continuously maximum voltage.
Tripping current (It)
minimum current value required thermistor trip from conductive state ambient temperature (25°C) protective high resistance state.
Residual current (Ires)
With operating temperature 25°C, Ires residual current when maximum rated voltage applied.
tripping current (Int)
This maximum current value which thermistor guaranteed stay indefinitely conductive state.
Electrical characteristics
CURRENT TIME CHARACTERISTIC
When applied voltage thermistor exceeds value that corresponds curve, thermistor switches dynamic behaviour described current-time characteristic shown figures Initially, constant current flows, depending nominal resistance V/R), then current decreases strongly thermistor changes non-conductive state. Finally, current balances external dissipation assumes thermal equilibrium. current-time curves depend strongly external conditions such applied voltage (figure ambient temperature (figure 22).
60°C 50°C 25°C
Figure Current-time characteristic thermistors Voltage dependance
Figure Current-time characteristic Ambient temperature dependance
curves also depend strongly thermal properties thermistors (volume, dissipation properties, clarified parameters hereafter
Heat capacity
amount heat required increase temperature thermistor 1°C. value typically about mJ/cm3/°C.
Dissipation factor
This ratio power dissipated environment temperature difference between thermistor ambient. expressed mW/°C Tamb where power applied Tamb ambient temperature temperature thermistor submitted power
Thermal time constant
This time required temperature change 63.2 difference between initial final value when conditions thermal equilibrium changed. equivalent ratio
These thermal characteristics used describe approximately dynamic behaviour thermistor through following heat balance equation Tamb)
Application notes
MAIN APPLICATIONS
Characteristic
Application Temperature sensing Temperature control
Examples Temperature monitoring heat sinks power semi-conductors Household appliances. Thermal machine protection ICs, semiconductors audiovideo equipment
Over temperature protection Temperature compensation
Current overload protection Current control
Telecommunication equipment Small transformers Motor circuit protection Dryers, heaters Carburettor preheating External mirror heating Automobiles blowers (failure detection) Battery chargers
Self-regulating heating element Liquid level sensing Fluid flow sensing Constant current
Time delay Motor starting Degaussing suppression
Timers Delayed switching relays Electric fans Color sets Contact protection, switches
Application notes
CURRENT OVERLOAD PROTECTION thermistor connected series with equipment protect when current voltage ambient temperature) exceeds critical value (figure 23). Under normal operating conditions, current remains heat above switching temperature. current exceeds critical value, power dissipation results heating switching temperature reducing current. When fault conditions removed, cools down current flows again. considered resettable fuse.
Rptc
Equipment
Figure
SELF-REGULATING HEATER functions heater thermostat cumulated when using thermistor (figure 24). Assuming sufficient size appropriate dissipation thermal bonding with equipment, Joule effect provides heating thermostat function mainly related switching temperature thermistor. Furthermore, voltage ambient temperature fluctuations compensated internal change current lead significantly different heating temperature.
Rptc
Figure
CONSTANT CURRENT connecting parallel with resistor possible obtain nearly constant current through over broad voltage range. When voltage increased, very small increase temperature results reduction current through Rptc, compensating increase current through (figure 25). Rptc
(TPTC Tamb)
Figure
Application notes
MOTOR STARTING Rptc thermistors used protect auxiliary starter winding induction motors single-phase motors (figure 26). switch-on, most line voltage applied starter winding resistance low. After motor starting, current heats switching temperature. resistance rises drastically current falls.
Auxiliary starter
Figure Rptc
SUPPRESSION circuit displayed figure enables suppression. switching-off, current flows through PTC. heats resistance rises.
Figure
voltage drop progressively transfered from inductive load PTC, providing effective suppression.
Rptc
Relay
TIME DELAY time necessary change from conductive temperature state self-heated high resistive state used provide time delay electronic circuit (figure 28). When connected series with relay, relay immediately energized switch-on remains energized until heats reaches switching temperature high resistance state. connected parallel, relay energized only after time delay time necessary heating thermistor. Figure
Relay/PTC
Rptc Relay Relay
Selection guide
Types Maximum voltage Switching temperature Range values Main applications Page
Standard Series
coated disc 130°C 110°C Current overload protection
leadlers disc
80°C 120°C
Over temperature protection
Telecommunication series
leaded disc
130/
Custom design
Line handset protection
Automotive industrial series
Leaded disc leadless disc Custom design Custom design Example Example 80°C 140°C Overload protection Delayed switching Heating elements Thermostats Temperature measurement control
Characteristics metallized
Type
Size
Material code
80°C 110°C 120°C 130°C
Voltage code
Resistance 25°C (EIA code) Resistance expressed significant figures digit (zero) digits significant figures resistance value 25°C. digit values number ZEROS added resistance values values figure signifying that resistance value multiplied values figure signifying that resistance values multiplied 0.01. Examples 1000 0102 0829 0.47 0478 Resistance expressed significant figures digits significant figures resistance value 25°C. digit values number ZEROS added resistance value values figure signifying that resistance value multiplied values figure signifying that capacitance value multiplied 0.01. Examples 1960 47.2 4729
Suffix
Tolerance resistance 25°C
specific types (telecommunication, automotive, industrial), specification pages
Disc Overload protection
Maximum voltage Switching temperature 130°C
Well suited overload protection delayed switching, thermistors 130°C series will particular interest automotive consumer applications. Types Finish Coated disc
Metallization
Leadless disc soldering clamping
Dimensions (mm)
0.05
Marking
Thomson logo Rated resistance
packaging only
Particular characteristics
Int* 25°C (mA) 25°C (mA) 1000 1600 Ires 25°C (mA) Dimensions (mm) Dmax 17.5 emax Dmax 10.2 16.5 emax
Reference
Ps03 0130 -Ps04 0130 -Ps06 0609 -Ps08 0409 -Ps10 0259 -Ps12 0189 -Ps16 0119
*Int values given serie only. serie, these values strongly depend assembly mode.
leaded disc leadless disc
Ordering example 0130
Ires
Nominal resistance 25°C Maximum tripping current Minimum tripping current Maximum overload current Residual current (typical value)
Type Size Material Voltage Tolerance
Disc Overload protection
Maximum voltage Switching temperature 110°C
These thermistors widely used protect circuit component load power supply sides (110-130 against overcurrent. They provide most efficient solution limit current when abnormal energy flows through circuit. Types Finish Coated disc
Metallization
Leadless disc soldering clamping
Dimensions (mm)
0.05
Marking
Thomson logo Rated resistance
packaging only
Particular characteristics
Int* 25°C (mA) 25°C (mA) 1300 0.35 0.45 Ires 25°C (mA) 10.5 11.5 Dimensions (mm) Dmax 17.5 emax Dmax 10.2 16.5 emax
Reference
Ps04 0101 -Ps04 0700 -Ps04 0550 -Ps04 0350 -Ps06 0250 -Ps06 0150 -Ps08 0100 -Ps10 0709 -Ps12 0459 -Ps16 0309 -Ps20 0189
*Int values given serie only. serie, these values strongly depend assembly mode.
leaded disc leadless disc
Ordering example 0100 Type Size Material Voltage Tolerance
Ires
Nominal resistance 25°C Maximum tripping current Minimum tripping current Maximum overload current Residual current (typical value)
Disc Overload protection
Maximum voltage Switching temperature 80°C
Designed higher operating voltage (265 this series offers good protection instrument inputs against overcurrent able limit control temperature around 80°C. Types Finish Coated disc Leadless disc soldering clamping
Metallization
Dimensions (mm)
0.05
Marking Particular characteristics
Int* 25°C (mA)
Thomson logo Rated resistance
packaging only
Reference
25°C (mA)
0.25 0.25
Ires 25°C (mA)
Dimensions (mm) Dmax 17.5 emax Dmax 10.2 16.5 emax
Ps04 0151 -Ps04 0101 -Ps06 0700 -Ps08 0250 -Ps10 0150 -Ps12 0100 Ps12 0100 -Ps16 0609 -Ps20 0379
*Int values given serie only. serie, these values strongly depend assembly mode.
leaded disc leadless disc
Ordering example 0100
Ires
Nominal resistance 25°C Maximum tripping current Minimum tripping current Maximum overload current Residual current (typical value)
Type Size Material Voltage Tolerance Suffix lead spacing
Disc Overload protection
Maximum voltage Switching temperature 120°C
High performances high quality these thermistors enable them meet more demanding specifications overload protection 220-265 supplied equipment approved. Types Finish
Coated disc
Leadless disc soldering clamping
Metallization
Dimensions (mm)
0.05
Marking Particular characteristics
Thomson logo Rated resistance
packaging only
Reference
Int* 25°C (mA)
25°C (mA)
0.25 0.25
Ires 25°C (mA)
Dimensions (mm) Dmax 11.5 13.5 13.5 17.5 17.5 emax Dmax 10.2 16.5 16.5 emax
Ps04 0221 -Ps04 0151 -Ps06 0121 -Ps06 0101 -Ps06 0700 -Ps06 0680 -Ps08 0550 -Ps08 0470 -Ps08 0450 -Ps08 0350 -Ps08 0330 -Ps08 0250 -Ps08 0220 -Ps10 0150 -Ps12 0100 Ps12 0100 -Ps16 0689 -Ps16 0609 -Ps20 0479 -Ps20 0379
*Int values given serie only. serie, these values strongly depend assembly mode.
Ordering example 0221
leaded disc leadless disc
Ires
Nominal resistance 25°C Maximum tripping current Minimum tripping current Maximum overload current Residual current (typical value)
Type Size Material Voltage Tolerance
Disc Telecommunications series
Approved well known telephone manufacturers, these custom-designed thermistors widely used protect supplying current circuits calling detection systems. High reliability, precisely defined operating parameters make these thermistors high quality components circuit protection severe environmental conditions.
Packaging tape reel. Quantity 1500 parts reel.
0.05
Particular characteristics
Reference
Vmax
Tolerance
Dimensions (mm) Dmax emax Finish Uncoated Uncoated Coated Coated Uncoated Coated
0005 0015 0019 0020 0021 0022
reel Individual data sheet upon request
Ordering example
0020 Type
Industrial automotive thermistors
Ceramic thermistors used today wide range applications including current overload protection, delayed switching, temperature measurement control, heating elements thermostats. Depending application, shape, dimensions electrical characteristics designed different ways. give below some non-limiting examples designs applying specific applications which illustrate expertise meeting your requirements. Types Type Finish Resin-coated disc
uncoated disc
Leadless disc
Dimensions
0.05 5.08
Overload protection Delayed switching
Type
1007 1020 1019 1021 1031 1032 1041
Diam. Thick. (mm) (mm)
Vmax
R25°C (Ohms)
(°C)
(mA)
(mA)
Ires (mA)
0.260 0.230
0.35
Heating elements thermostats Measurement control
Type
1008 1017 1015 1005 1009 1014
Diam. Thick. (mm) (mm)
Vmax
R25°C (Ohms)
12.5
(°C)
(Ohms)
<2R25°C <2R25°C <2R25°C <2R25°C <200
(°C)
(Ohms)
>2R25°C >2R25°C >2R25°C >2R25°C >200
(°C)
(Ohms)
12.5 25.0 80.0
1.05
Individual data-sheet, marking, lead configuration, packaging, upon request.
Resistance Temperature characteristics
130°C RANGE
RESISTANCE
110°C RANGE
RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
80°C RANGE
RESISTANCE
265V 120°C RANGE
RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE (°C)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
Current Voltage characteristics
130°C RANGE
Current (mA)
1000
110°C RANGE
Current (mA)
1000
1000
Voltage (Volts)
Voltage (Volts)
Current (mA)
10000
Current (mA)
1000
1000
0,01 1000
1000
Voltage (Volts)
Voltage (Volts)
80°C RANGE
Current (mA)
1000
120°C RANGE
Current (mA)
1000
1000
Voltage (Volts)
Current (mA)
1000
Voltage (Volts)
Current (mA)
1000
1000
1000
Voltage (Volts)
Voltage (Volts)
Manufacturing process Thermistors
Incoming goods Powder preparation Powder testing Pressing Sintering Electrical test Metallization Soldering Cleaning Coating Marking Polymerization Lead cutting Final control Quality control Packaging Quality acceptance Shipping consignment Outgoing shipping Inspection
Every batch, every shipment packaging, documentation Electrical every batch Thermal cycle, visual inspection Every batch sampling. Resistance/temperature characteristic, voltage/current characteristic, physical characteristics Weighing every batch
Weight, thickness, visual inspection every batch sampling
Thermal cycle every batch
Every batch sampling. Resistance/temperature characteristic, voltage/current characteristic, physical characteristics
Visual inspection every batch
Visual inspection every batch
Visual inspection every batch
Thermal cycle every batch
Every batch sampling visual inspection, dimensions, resistance, voltage withstanding
Bulk tape
Every batch report
Reliability
Test Robustness terminations Conditions test Tensile strength bending Performance requirements visual damage
Solderability
235°C
surface lead wires covered
Resistance soldering heat
260°C
visual damage
AUTOMOTIVE TELECOMMUNICATION PROTECTION Endurance maximum operating temperature zero-power dissipation 1000 h/155°C visual damage
Intermittent load life maximum power
cycles "off" "on" Imax Vmax
visual damage
Damp heat, steady-state
85°C R.H. days
visual damage
Salt spray
salt concentration
visual damage
INDUSTRIAL PROTECTION Endurance maximum operating temperature zero-power dissipation 1000 h/155°C visual damage
High temperature load life maximum voltage
1000 maximum rated voltage 55°C
visual damage
Damp heat, steady-state
95°C R.H. days
visual damage
Power capacitors
Soft ferrite
Conception SOREGRAPH, photos Dominique SARRAUTE, Square Photographes
Film capacitors
Ceramic capacitors
linear resistors
Design PILOTE image,
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