Wilfred Martis Applications Engineer Intel Corporation Semic

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Wilfred Martis Applications Engineer Intel Corporation Semic

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Intel386EX Embedded Microprocessor MHT9000 Handheld Terminal
Wilfred Martis Applications Engineer
Intel Corporation
Semiconductor Products Group Mail Stop CH6-304 5000 Chandler Blvd. Chandler, Arizona 85226
August 1995
Order Number: 272747-001
Information this document provided solely enable Intel products. Intel assumes liability whatsoever, including infringement patent copyright, sale Intel products except provided Intel's Terms Conditions Sale such products. Intel Corporation makes warranty products assumes responsibility errors which appear this document does make commitment update information contained herein. Intel retains right make changes these specifications time, without notice. Contact your local Intel sales office your distributor obtain latest specifications before placing your product order. ordering code only used product name trademark Intel Corporation. Intel Corporation Intel's FASTPATH affiliated with Kinetics, division Excelan, Inc. FASTPATH trademark products. *Other brands names property their respective owners. Additional copies this document other Intel literature obtained from: Intel Corporation Literature Sales P.O. 7641 Prospect, 60056-7641 call 1-800-879-4683 INTEL CORPORATION 1995
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Application Note: Intel386EX Embedded Microprocessor MHT9000 Handheld Terminal
INTRODUCTION. MHT9000 Product Description FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW Digitizer. Unit Power Management Special Algorithms. Intel386 EMBEDDED PROCESSOR MHT9000 HARDWARE OVERVIEW. Memory Maps 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 Cartridge Slot 4.1.4 Controller Digitizer System. 4.2.1 Digitizer Panel 4.2.2 Digitizer Controller MTL6560. 4.2.3 Operating Modes 4.2.4 Command MTL6560 4.2.5 Interface 4.2.6 Digitizer System Operating Theory.6 Display System. 4.3.1 Epson SED1335F Display Controller.6 4.3.2 Driver Interface 4.3.3 SED1335F Command 4.3.4 System Design Considerations Cartridge Slot. POWER SUPPLY. Interface. SYSTEM KERNEL Display Function 5.1.1 Screen Definition 5.1.2 Text Graphics Display Windows.11 5.1.3 Application-Defined Font Input Function. Application Calling
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5.4.1 5.5.1 5.5.2 Cartridge Operation. Header Structure Real Mode Operation Memory Bank Switching Limitations Real Mode Operation.13
POWER MANAGEMENT Digitizer Interface Interface Driver Power Control Oscillating Frequency. Idle Mode. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT. Development Platform. MHT9000 Kernel Application Development Tools. RELATED DOCUMENTS.
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FIGURES Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure TABLES Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table
MHT9000 Block Diagram Intel386EX Embedded Processor Block Diagram MHT9000 Memory Configuration Access Signal. Digitizer Driver Circuit MTL6560-to-Intel386EX Processor Interface Driver Interface Battery Backup System. Interface Host System. Keyboard Interface. Memory Cartridge Real Mode).
Memory Configuration. Cartridge Chip-Select Signals Usage Operating Modes. Controller Registers.7 SED1335F Command Summary Cartridge Connector Assignment.8 Header Structure Memory Locations P3.5 Memory Mapping.13
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INTRODUCTION
applications. With appropriate cartridge modules, becomes: intelligent pen-based input terminal DOS-based system hand-held barcode terminal hand-held terminal electronic multi-language dictionary digital reference book intelligent voice-based hand-held terminal advanced pen-based with communication capability
This application note describes MHT9000 Hand-held Terminal cost, GUI-based pen-input device that uses Intel386EX embedded processor. With computing power, high integration cost, Intel386 processor ideal such hand-held terminals. Contact your Intel Sales Representative additional information about kernel, digitizer ASIC MHT9000. MHT9000, designed Micom Tech Ltd. Hong Kong, ideal base platform building handheld applications communications, point-of-sale (POS) terminals, digital books personal digital assistants. MHT9000 used building block create specific solution. Hand-held terminal applications typically characterized palm-sized portable devices specific uses. Such products widely used environments such retail, service, medical, financial, warehouse, inventory control, shipping, package delivery, industrial, hospitals, enforcement, more. MHT9000 contains low-cost proprietary cartridge slot which enables development wide variety
Intel386 processor single-chip system that incorporates on-board static Intel386 processor core with host integrated peripherals, including interrupt controllers, serial parallel ports, chip selects, timers/counters JTAG unit. 26-bit addressing provides large Mbyte memory address space. Refer Section 8.0, RELATED DOCUMENTS (pg. 8-14) list documents that contain detailed information about Intel386 processor. MHT9000 Hand-held Terminal Reference Design also incorporates number additional technologies which used building blocks many applications.
System
System Intel386EX Embedded Processor Controller
Backup Battery
Module
Digitizer Controller
Digitizer Module
Expansion Slot
Connector
Keyboard Connector
RS-232C Connector
Serial Slot
Figure MHT9000 Block Diagram
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MHT9000 Product Description
Easy manufacture MHT9000 designed take advantage low-cost manufacturing technology. Expandable proprietary cartridge slot, simple memory mapped slot, supports application-specific modules.
MHT9000 features include: Intel386EX embedded processor 320x128 FSTN touch-screen, capable displaying Roman characters Chinese/Kanji characters Resistive digitizer with software-selectable resolution cost proprietary cartridge slot with optional modules, including: barcode scanner, restaurant terminal, multi-language dictionary, electronic book, voice recognition, more RS-232C keyboard port Built-in software Chinese handwriting recognition Memo keyboard operation modes design (powered three batteries) Power Management feature programmable "sleep" between input strokes Kbyte Kbyte SRAM Mbyte (512 Kbyte 4.0" 6.5" 0.9" (WxHxD) case size Less than US$100 bill materials volumes greater than 10,000)
Digitizer
digitizer system, very important feature penbased hand-held terminal, consists three subcomponents: touch panel, controller, driver circuit. resistive-type touch panel four pins interfacing panel controller through digitizer driver circuitry: resistance resistance
coordinate activated point calculated (RX/RXmax) resolutio (RY/RYmax) resolutio
FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW
following list briefly describes MHT9000's primary features. remainder this application note further describes these features: Uses Intel Architecture This well-known architecture enables DOS-based development platform. Contains proprietary kernel achieve costcompetitive design, proprietary Kernel created specifically MHT9000. Being nonDOS-compatible system, memory configuration optimized application. BIOS required. Uses high-performance processor Intel386 processor minimizes hardware cost achieving intelligence through software instead using specific hardware components. Spare processing power reserved future applications.
digitizer's controller MTL6560 customdesigned device used digitizer analog/resistive entry touch panel. supports digitizer resolution 1024 1024. connects directly touch panel through simple circuitry transistors passive components. connects directly Intel386 processor through built-in serial port. resolution software programmable. default resolution 640/256. driver circuit consists transistors, diodes passive components only.
Unit
unit supports both FSTN types. FSTN provides superior contrast results when used with touch panel also more expensive). resolution dots, typically configured (horizontal) (vertical). However, display software drivers also allow (horizontal) (vertical) configuration. Low-power drivers used minimize current consumption.
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Power Management MHT9000 HARDWARE OVERVIEW
hand-held device with attached battery, power management scheme significant essential. terminal programmed "sleep" between input strokes. This significantly reduces average current consumption.
subsections that follow describe MHT9000's major hardware features.
Memory Maps
Special Algorithms
minimize hardware cost, required special algorithms implemented software additional special hardware required. Such special algorithms include: handwriting recognition, text compression/decompression, graphic compression/decompression, voice recognition.
minimize external hardware required memory interfacing, MHT9000 utilizes Intel386 processor's Chip-select Unit. Five chip-select signals from Intel386 processor used access memory devices. However, differences memory allocation Real Mode Protected Mode operation, chip select signal configuration different each mode. Table kernel automatically performs software bank switching Real Mode operation. Table Memory Configuration
MODE SIGNAL CS0# CS1# CS2# CS3# Protected Mode CS4# CS5# CS6# CONFIGURATION RAM, 000000H 00FFFFH used ROM, 3F00000H 3FFFFFFH LCD, 1000H 1002H Cartridge, 0200000H 02FFFFFH Cartridge, configured cartridge application used Used only reset procedure; used after memory configuration RAM,00000H 0FFFFH used ROM,C0000H FFFFFH LCD, 1000H 1002H Cartridge, 40000H 7FFFFH Cartridge, 80000H BFFFFH used Recognition Database, 60000H 7FFFFH Chinese Character Generator, 80000H BFFFFH
Intel386 EMBEDDED PROCESSOR
Intel386 processor highly integrated, fully static, 32-bit optimized embedded applications. features power voltage capabilities, integration many commonly used embedded peripherals, 32bit programming architecture compatible with DOS-based systems. Figure shows block diagram Intel386 processor. Refer Intel386EX Embedded Microprocessor User's Manual (272485) additional details.
Programmable Chip selects Channels) Timer/Counter Channels) Interrupt Controller (Two 82C59s) Asynch. Channels) Sync. (1Channel) Full Duplex DRAM/PSRAM Refresh Watchdog Timer (H/W, S/W) JTAG Boundary Scan System Mode Clock Generation Power Management Parallel lines) Static Intel386SX core 2.7v 5.5v (5.0V) (3.3V) (3.0V) Extended Temp. Gate Interface 26-bit addr, data
UCS# CS0# CS1# CS2# CS3# CS4# Real Mode CS5# CS6# UCS#
Figure Intel386EX Embedded Processor Block Diagram
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4.1.2
Intel386EX Embedded Processor
CS0# MEMVCC
UCS# CS2# D0-D15 A1-A19 RD#, WR#, BLE#, BHE#
74HC00
74HC00
mask-programmed used MHT9000. chip select signals, UCS# CS2# from Intel386 processor, used access this ROM, shown Figure Upon power-up reset, UCS# active which allows access boot-up. After memory system configuration completed, CS2# programmed access from address 3F00000H 3FFFFFFH Mbyte). Protected Mode operation, UCS# used, since CS2# cover entire Mbyte range bank switching required. UCS# only used initialization Real Mode operation.
4.1.3
Cartridge Slot
CS3#
CS4# CS5#
CARTRIDGE
Figure MHT9000 Memory Configuration
cartridge simple address/data extended slot; such, only Flash module with associated circuitry placed cartridge slot, execute specific application. decoding control logic required. example, when used Electronic Book, cartridge contains only memory. MHT9000 provides chip select signals cartridge slot: CS5# CS4#. These configured various devices that need accessed, shown Table CS4# CS5# programmable cartridge software. After initialization, Protected Mode, CS5# programmed address 0200000H 02FFFFFH four waitstates CS4# disabled. Real Mode, CS5# programmed address 40000H 7FFFFH CS4# used address 80000H BFFFFH. Table Cartridge Chip-Select Signals Usage
CS4# CS5# Flash Flash Flash Example Modem Card Electronic Reader, Dictionary, etc.
4.1.1
minimal configuration MHT9000 system design requires static devices form Kbyte word memory. interface logic shown Figure BHE# BLE# used decode even bytes, respectively. CS0# used access this from address 000000H 00FFFFH wait state.
ODDBYTE ACCESS U21A BHE# 74HC32 EVENBYTE ACCESS U21B CS0# 74HC00
device Flash
4.1.4
Controller
74HC00 BLE#
display system controlled accessed addresses 1000H 1002H. wait states inserted during accesses controller.
74HC32
Figure Access Signal
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4.2.1 Digitizer System
Y-AXIS 2.2K
Digitizer Panel
CTLY 2.2K 1N4148 100K 1N4148
resistive-type digitizer panel coated with transparent film. Since same size view area, must calibrated after each power-up accurately position panel. power-up, user touches corners screen perform calibration.
NOTE: 390pF(C)
4.2.2
Digitizer Controller MTL6560
X-AXIS 2.2K CTLX 2.2K 100K 1N4148 390pF(C) 1N4148
MTL6560 custom-designed device used digitizer controller resistive pen-entry touch panel. supports digitizer resolutions 1024 1024. directly connected digitizer panel through simple transistor/resistor driver circuit, shown Figure MTL6560: Employs CMOS process technology Requires single power supply Supports oscillator frequencies 1.8432 Supports digitizer resolutions 1024 1024 Supports communication modes: Parallel mode (proprietary format) Serial mode with baud rates 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 7200 9600 operating current: Supports Halt mode Contains hardware jumpers setting operating speed default mode
Figure Digitizer Driver Circuit
4.2.3
Operating Modes
Table defines various operating modes MTL6560. Table Operating Modes
MODE DEFINITION Activated Sleep command, MTL6560 enters Halt mode; digitizer panel's scanning data bytes sent CPU. controller exits Halt mode either activation appearance data RXDATA pin. Waiting command. Activating puts controller into command mode until command respond cycles complete. While appropriate serial link established, controller scans digitizer panel sends data through TXDATA (RXD1 CPU) until signal activates.
Sleep
Idle Command
Data
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4.2.4 Command MTL6560
detection cycle, digitizer outputs high level CTLX CTLY pin.
command MTL6560 includes: Initialize Sleep Calibrate X-resolution Y-resolution Select baud rate (serial only; this overrides default jumper setting)
voltage applied X-axis terminals. (pin AD1/DX), analog input signal, circuit's feedback point. similar center terminal potentiometer indicates where touching along X-axis. similar signal, (pin AD3/DY), used during Y-axis detection cycle. After both axes detected, coordinate data output serial link. minimize power supply's effects accuracy detection, AGND used sample reference voltage each time acquisition occurs. However, significant ripple power line affect acquisition accuracy.
4.2.5
Interface
transfer data between MTL6560, MHT9000 uses serial link with baud rate 9600. MHT9000 uses Asynchronous Serial Unit, SIO1, interface digitizer (using signals TXD1, RXD1, DTR1#, DSR1#, CTS1# RTS1#). MTL6560's RESET connected Parallel Port P1.1 CPU. Upon Reset, kernel's boot routine uses this reset MTL6560.
4.3.1
Display System Epson SED1335F Display Controller
TXD1 RXD1 DTR1# CTS1# RTS1# P1.1 DSR1#
4.7K
RESET
Epson* SED1335F display controller that displays text graphics panel. three overlapping layers, with maximum resolution pixels, displayed. SED1335F display layered text graphics, scrolling display direction partitioning display into multiple screens. SED1335F stores text, character codes bitmapped graphics external frame buffer memory. Display controller functions include data transfer from Intel386 processor buffer memory, reading memory data, converting data display pixels generating timing signals buffer memory panel. features SED1335F include: Text, graphics combined text/graphics display modes Three overlapping screens graphics mode pixels panel display resolution Programmable cursor control Smooth horizontal vertical scrolling part display 1/2-duty 1/256-duty drive
Intel386EX Embedded Processor
MTL6560
Figure MTL6560-to-Intel386EX Processor Interface
4.2.6
Digitizer System Operating Theory
While data mode, digitizer controller (MTL6560) continuously scans digitizer panel determine when where touching screen. X-axis
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Supports Kbytes external static frame buffer memory Internal character generator pixel characters internal programmed character-generator mask-
4.3.3
SED1335F Command
SED1335F controls activity. SED1335F operation control parameters programmed Intel386 processor using command set, ports 1000H 1002H. Refer Table Most commands include their associated parameters. Commands written 1002H; associated parameters written 1000H. Display memory data read from 1002H after sending MEMR command 1000H. Table shows listing commands.
pixel characters external charactergenerator pixel characters external charactergenerator power consumption: operating current (VDD 0.05 standby current
4.3.4
System Design Considerations
4.3.2
Driver Interface
shown Figure MHT9000 uses types drivers: EPSON's SED1600F SED1630F: SED1600F segment driver which drive segments. MHT9000, with segments panel, requires four SED1600F drivers connected cascade. SED1630F common driver which drive common lines. panel common lines requires SED1630F common drivers connected cascade. first driver drives common lines; second drives common lines.
MHT9000 uses two-layer design: layer text, other graphics. requirements that text graphics must appear simultaneously on-screen, Chinese characters multi-size fonts need implemented, MHT9000 displays text graphic images. graphic layer displays graphic bitmaps character bitmaps; text layer displays cursor. cursor software-generated, thus giving system full control cursor size shape. Unlike DOS-based system, display directly mapped into system memory. accessed through SED1335F using MREAD/MWRITE commands. memory location pointer cursor address, which read CSRW CSRR, respectively. minimize cost, relatively small static used display memory. Only text layer graphic layer allocated these Kbytes.
frame frequency software programmable SED1335F.
SED1630
COMMON
SED1630
Cartridge Slot
SEGMENT
proprietary design used cartridge slot connection. cartridge connector 46-pin dual-inline header. Table identifies defines cartridge connector signals.
SED1600F
SED1600F
SED1600F
SED1600F
Table Controller Registers
Addr 1000H High High D0-D7
SED1335
XSCL, XD0-XD3
Data/parameters written SED1335F High Status read from SED1335F Command write SED1335F High Data/parameters read from SED1335F
1000H
Figure Driver Interface
1002H 1002H
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Table SED1335F Command Summary
Class Command SYSTEM System Control SLEEP DISP ON/OFF SCROLL CSRFORM Display control CGRAM CSRDIR HDOT OVLAY CSRW Drawing control CSRR MWRITE Memory control MREAD Read from display memory Read cursor address Write display memory Enter standby mode Enable disable display display flashing display start address display regions cursor type start address character generator direction cursor movement horizontal scroll position display overlay format cursor address Code Command Description Initialize device display Command Read Parameters
Table Cartridge Connector Assignment
Signal Description
A1-A23, System address bus. minimize count, used. D0-D7 BLE# PRESET# CS4# CS5# P3.3 P3.5 P1.6 MEMVCC TMROUT1 BS8# System Data bus. Cartridge memory must designed 8-bit wide memory System memory/device read signal System memory/device write signal Even-byte enable. Emulates 8-bit memory system. Peripheral reset pulse. Extra/complementary chip-select signal cartridge. Primary chip-select cartridge. General port. practical purposes, functions input port (e.g., data input barcode data). General port. Used output port. Real Mode operation, used hardware switching. Protected Mode, configured output port. General port; normally output. Generally used control cartridge's power. System power supply. System power supply. When power OFF, backup battery provides backup voltage this pin. Ground. Output from Timer Intended pulse output. used MHT9000. However, when cartridge connected proprietary-design Flash memory programmer, present this pin.
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cartridge connection contains only signals port bits. such, simple memory designed-in contain data cartridge software programs. System cost further minimized when only memory located cartridge 8-bit design used. Memory interface: A1-A23, A25, D0-D7, RD#, WR#, CS4#, CS5# BLE# used decode memory (Flash memory, even located cartridge module) device (e.g. modem chip). ports: Normally P3.5 P1.6 programmed output ports P3.3 programmed input port simplify cartridge's hardware design. P3.5 P1.6 output before cartridge program executes. P3.5 used memory bank switching Real Mode execution overlapping cartridge memory system memory. Protected Mode, used general output pin. MHT9000, P1.6 used control power barcode receiver. P3.3 data input from receiver barcode pen. TMROUT1 output from transmitter (used pulse generator).
MEMVCC
resistors. MHT9000, threshold voltage ~3.0 detector output connected Parallel Port P3.2 CPU. kernel detects this signal informs user replace battery when necessary. backup battery connected power supply. When system operating, from converter reverse-biased. This prevents backup battery consumption until system turned OFF. When this occurs, drops VSS. this time, backup battery supplies (MEMVCC) devices retain data. Powerdown threshold formed R33. When system OFF, NAND gates disable chip selects that access made during power down. NAND-gate device (U2) connected MEMVCC (the backup battery when power OFF) provide power when system OFF.
1N5818 1N5818 BACKUP BATTERY
normal power signals cartridge. drops when unit OFF. MEMVCC, which provides directly system RAM, provides when unit OFF. Therefore, when cartridge contains RAM, connect power MEMVCC. MHT9000 does BS8#. However, connected Flash memory's pin. This allows dedicated programming device write Flash memory through cartridge connector.
Figure Battery Backup System
Interface
interface circuits MHT9000 RS232 interface keyboard connector interface. RS-232 interface: shown Figure four signals interface MHT9000 host system: TXD0: data transmit from host RXD0: data receive from host GND: common ground reference DSR0#: Data Ready signal from host (DTR host end) indicate that host connected
POWER SUPPLY
System power provided sources: main battery backup battery. main battery consists three batteries (4.5 backup battery button-battery. high-speed reliable system performance, stable power supply required. system uses optimize performance power consumption. DC-DC converter (XR-8073) provides steady supply voltage. converter circuit consists simple circuit composed inductor, diode other supporting components. Moreover, battery detector incorporated into XR-8073; threshold voltage adjusted external
required voltage swing RS-232 interface, line driver required convert V4.7 level. driver MC145407 that runs single supply.
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MC145407 TXD0 Intel386EX Embedded Processor RS-232C Port
SYSTEM KERNEL
RXD0 DSR0#
MHT9000 low-cost hand-held solution using proprietary Kernel. Therefore, BIOS required. following list primary differences hardware design MHT9000 versus standard DOS-based machine: MHT9000 uses display system; this radically different from typical desktop display system. MHT9000, display commanddriven display memory directly mapped into system memory. DOS-based system's display section, display memory directly mapped system memory map. MHT9000 uses pen-interface system keyboard. Each application must define detection zone/area pen-based panel communicate system (kernel) when where touching screen. DOS-based system, complete input section independently implemented such that initialization required while waiting user-input keyboard. MHT9000 targeted low-cost product; significantly less used compared standard DOS-based system. application must optimize working memory data storage requirements. MHT9000 "open architecture" regard application interface kernel. This yields flexible sometimes redundant complicated interface format. DOS-based embedded application cannot such "open architecture" when interfacing kernel such DOS. MHT9000 provides simple application interface kernel; servicing requests system facilities such input, display data storage done kernel. DOS-based architecture, many system vendors build their kernel. Such products must conform specifications that define interaction between system software hardware components. MHT9000 does have this problem proprietary design interface between application system (system software hardware). result, code interface methodology optimized increase overall system performance.
Figure Interface Host System RS-232 interface communicates with host keyboard mode keypad mode also used data communication. Keyboard interface: shown Figure four signals between MHT9000 host's keyboard connector are: KBDCONNECT: detects when host connected KBDDATA: This bidirectional signal transmits data between host MHT9000 KBDCLK: This bidirectional signal acts clocking signal when transmitting data GND: common ground reference
P1.4
KBDCONNECT
P1.0 P3.7
KBDCLK KBDDATA
DATA
Intel386EX Embedded Processor
Keyboard Connector
Figure Keyboard Interface
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Unique features MHT9000's interface between application system software include: Protected mode: MHT9000's memory model different from traditional "8086" processor (80286, 80186 8086); benefits from Intel386 core within Intel386 processor. advantage this model achieved mass-storage products such dictionary, electronic book, Chinese language translation/recognition, etc. elimination Mbyte limitation Real Mode system. Since large database needed these products, hardware bank-switching technology needs implemented. Protected mode eliminates this kind switching Mbyte physical address range. Programmable chip-select signals simplify hardware design tend make programming task easier. Kernel's C-style procedure calls: kernel software developed Intel386 assembly. Most system calls application/kernel interface such input, display system status implemented This provides much easier, efficient, flexible design system calls using Cstyle procedure calls. These calls also provided cartridge-support development. parameters stored stack rather than registers. These parameters then generate software interrupts with function number. Each system function unique function number. English character size. Therefore, first Chinese characters second first column Chinese character column second column column MHT9000 uses different screen locators: cursor other display location. normal display functions (except "absolute" display function), location display character referred "display location" updated after each display. user-input functions allow user configure hardware cursor blinking non-blinking. display controller implement cursor function hardware; however provide additional flexibility MHT9000 implements cursor software.
5.1.2
Text Graphics Display Windows
Application developers develop user-interface windows that include text, graphics, both. Windows application define normal display functions within window ("absolute" display functions done anywhere screen). window positioned anywhere within screen area, required application.
5.1.3
Application-Defined Font
Display Function
MHT9000 incorporates flexible powerful display system which supports text graphics. On-screen text actually graphics; this allows multiple fonts same screen. Proportional fonts also supported.
Other than MHT9000's default font, application unique Character-Generator Table (ASCII only). Proportional fonts supported. system supports total fonts time. Switching from font another simple process. screen coordinates automatically adjusted when fonts switched.
5.1.1
Screen Definition
Input Function
screen size dots wide dots high. This accommodates characters rows. display Chinese/Kanji characters, with maximum rows, each containing characters. screen's coordinates text mode from column graphic definition, from x-axis yaxis. Chinese character size (16x16) twice that normal English characters (8x8) width height; however, locating system resolution MHT9000 based
Since MHT9000 pen-based hand-held unit, does normally keyboard other input keys. Input accomplished detecting pen's location digitizer panel. example, enter alphanumeric characters, application must initialize "zone" information system. this case, zone area that represents (typically mapped emulate standard keyboard). Initialization specifies zone location, size associated with zone. When kernel detects touching anywhere this zone, kernel
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determines pen's location returns value that corresponds zone. detecting area called "zone array", array locations where detected. 0200000H Protected Mode 40000H Real Mode
Application Calling
CS4# activated when accessing header, physical address header must first address region defined CS4#. Table defines header structure. Table Header Structure Memory Locations
Header Structure Signature bytes) Application Signature bytes) Application bytes) Start code address (absolute address)1 Main code entry address (absolute address, bytes)1 Icon bitmap address (absolute address, bytes)1 NOTE: Real Mode, bytes segment bytes offset. Protected Mode, 32-bit absolute memory address. Memory Location 0000H 0007H 0008H 000FH 0010H 0011H 0012H 0015H 0016H 0019H 001AH 001DH
Four internal applications called from main menu: Memo Calculator Keyboard Handwriting
calling convention applications same. Parameters passed control action taken application. cartridge application basically same characteristics internal applications, with exception: internal applications called names main menu module, while cartridge application called through entry address cartridge's header.
Cartridge Operation
Care must taken when assigning start-up code address, main code entry address icon address since only Mbyte range accessed CS4# Protected Mode, when kernel starts Therefore, three addresses should range 0200000H 02FFFFFH. While Real Mode, only Kbyte range accessed; therefore, three addresses should range 40000H 7FFFFH. Start-up code cartridge called after basesystem's start-up code (upon Reset) executes. This cartridge start-up code performs stack initialization when required initializes data area necessary hardware, including Intel386 processor's registers. ports chip-selects necessary) also initialized cartridge start-up code. Control then returned kernel. main code called manner similar internal applications. parameters also passed similarly.
cartridge connection general memory-bus interface. Simple memory accesses performed this bus. Cartridge memory allocated inside system memory map. This normally done without hardware bank switching with operating Protected Mode. However, there difference operation between Real Mode Protected Mode. Real Mode, system only access Kbytes memory cartridge. more memory located cartridge (e.g., Electronic Book Dictionary applications which exceed Mbyte size), hardware switching must done application with P3.5. Actually, cartridge memory (60000 BFFFF) multiplexed with Chinese charactergenerator recognition database. kernel automatically performs multiplexing; transparent cartridge application. Protected Mode, memory does require multiplexing.
5.4.1
Header Structure
recognize cartridge, fixed header structure must located cartridge ROM. header system address
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Real Mode Operation POWER MANAGEMENT
Real Mode operation supported cartridge. Figure shows memory cartridge Real Mode. MHT9000 design (Real Mode), system application access maximum Mbyte.
Power management requires special attention handheld design. Intel386 processor flexible power-management unit that used reduce both system current consumption. Current consumption minimized several ways: reducing system's operating frequency reducing system's operating voltage sleeping between `keystrokes' disabling power devices using devices that have operating currents
00000H 0FFFFH 10000H 5FFFFH
Unused Region
Cartridge Bank 00000H 3FFFFH Cartridge Bank 40000H 7FFFFH Cartridge Bank 80000H BFFFFH Cartridge Bank C0000H FFFFFH
60000H 7FFFFH 80000H BFFFFH
Recognition Database Chinese Character-Generator
Digitizer Interface
C0000H FFFFFH
Kernel
Figure Memory Cartridge Real Mode)
There keyboard MHT9000. "Sleeping between keystrokes" achieved halting when data being received from digitizer controller. MTL6560 interrupts when touches panel, which allows "sleep" until: interrupt from timer digitizer controller occurs data appears from either host's keyboard/RS-232 port barcode data pin.
5.5.1
Memory Bank Switching
Hardware bank-switching done Real Mode, cartridge application software, using P3.5. switching performed setting P3.5 high low. MHT9000 cartridge design, P3.5 connected cartridge module. Table shows relationship between P3.5 memory access range. Table P3.5 Memory Mapping
Memory Access Program 40000H 7FFFFH 40000H 7FFFFH 80000H BFFFFH 80000H BFFFFH P3.5 Status HIGH HIGH Physical Address Cartridge 40000H 7FFFFH C0000H FFFFFH 00000H 3FFFFH 80000H BFFFFH
When touching panel, assumed that data communication occurring between MTL6560 Intel386 processor. placed Idle mode, reducing current minimum.
Interface Driver Power Control
simple transistor switch controls power MC145407 RS-232 Driver. When RS-232 interface use, kernel shuts down power this driver, reduce current consumption.
Oscillating Frequency
5.5.2
Limitations Real Mode Operation
main limitation Real Mode operation memory size accessible application. whole system only access Mbyte, ranging from 00000H 0FFFFFH. application requesting more size must implement hardware bank-switching technique, making kernel hardware more complicated.
MHT9000 uses system frequency CLK2 processor clock). This frequency reduces current consumption considerably; however, also impacts system performance. Improving code efficiency compensate loss performance caused lower system frequency.
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Idle Mode
Because commonalities Intel386 processor architecture with platform much development debug performed using standard This includes development peripheral drivers again because compatibility with standard peripherals.
When touches screen, packet data bytes) sent Intel386 processor's serial port through TXD1. kernel wakes serial port interrupt analyzes data. After interrupt serviced, Intel386 processor goes into idle mode until reawakened.
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Development Platform
RELATED DOCUMENTS
additional information Intel products U.S. Canada, call Intel's Literature Center (800) 548-4725 write
Intel Literature P.O. 7641 Prospect, Illinois 60056-7641
kernel built using language. Routines such start-up, hardware initialization basic memory control written assembly. Code developed DOSbased system ported Intel386 processor with minimum modifications. Because Intel386 processor also integrates DOS-type peripherals, testing peripheral code accomplished DOS-based system. Several tools available code development Intel Architecture, both Real Protected Modes.
order literature outside U.S. Canada contact your local international sales office.
Document Name Intel386EX Embedded Microprocessor User's Manual Intel386 Embedded Microprocessor Data Sheet
Order 272485 272420
MHT9000 Kernel Application Development Tools
When developing applications kernel MHT9000, need tools designed developing embedding software either 80386 Protected Mode Real Mode architecture. tools used develop test MHT9000 Protected Mode kernel include Watcom* assembler C-386 compiler with Systems Software* Link/Locate utilities. MHT9000 Real Mode kernel Microsoft* C/C++ compiler MASM* assembler were used with Systems Software Link/Locate utilities. Using other tools require minor source file modifications. Protected Mode development compiler must support flat memory model development. assembly language source files designed Protected Mode operation require modification Real Mode development. object file containing kernel function calls provided linking cartridge based programs enable third party software development. debugging MHT9000 kernel Soft-Scope* debugger from Concurrent Sciences* in-circuit emulator from Kontron* were used.

Wilfred Martis Applications Engineer Intel Corporation Semic

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