April 2002 Page Differentiating `Toaster World' Robin Getz A

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April 2002 Page
Differentiating `Toaster World'
Robin Getz Analog Devices
Copyright Intel Corporation 2002. *Third-party brands names property their respective owners.
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April 2002 Page
DIFFERENTIATING `TOASTER WORLD'
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Differentiating `Toaster World'
Robin Getz Analog Devices
April 2002 Page
Overview
days when OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) system integrators were able differentiate their product offerings based memory, speed, hard drive size gone. With quality today's Intel® reference designs, system designers left with option subtract features like front-panel USB. Manufacturing selling becoming more more like manufacturing selling toaster ovens that product differentiation being based brand, service, design color box, This article will demonstrate motherboard designers differentiating features their designs, little cost delta, allowing marketing sales differentiate real-world functionality that consumers desire. first feature that will addressed acoustic reduction through control. monitoring control devices from Analog Devices functionality Intel® Pentium® processor enable system OEMs manufacture quieter PCs.
Thermal Management
objective thermal management ensure that temperatures components system maintained within functional limits. functional temperature limit range within which electrical circuits expected meet their specified performance requirements. Operation outside functional limit degrade system performance, cause logic errors, cause component and/or system damage. Temperatures exceeding maximum operating limits result irreversible changes operating characteristics component. However, important understand that thermal solution that provides lowest temperature tends also worst acoustically (fan speed quantity), well most costly (heat sink size). optimal thermal solution will just effective enough ensure that temperature limits system met, while also minimizing noise, lowest possible cost. thermal monitor found latest Intel Pentium processors allows system designers design lower cost thermal solutions without compromising system integrity reliability. using factory tuned, precision on-die thermal sensor fast acting thermal control circuit (TCC), processor keep temperature within factory specifications under nearly conditions without additional software hardware. thermal monitor thus allows processor system thermal solutions designed much closer power envelopes real applications, instead being designed much higher maximum processor power envelopes. thermal monitor controls processor temperature modulating (starting stopping) processor core clocks. processor clocks modulated when activated. Once enabled, will activate only when internal temperature very near temperature limits processor. When temperature returned noncritical level, goes inactive clock modulation ceases. This trip-point thermal sensor, which ensures that processor temperature spot does exceed safe parameters. essence, safety mechanism. Processor performance will decreased when active; however, with properly designed characterized thermal solution, should never activated, will only activated briefly during most thermally intensive applications. external signal, PROCHOT# (processor hot) asserted time that temperature thermal monitor above internal limit. temperature which thermal control circuit activates user configurable software visible. Since each part calibrated with respect maximum case temperature, maximum case temperature never reached, will never become active.
Copyright Intel Corporation 2002. *Third-party brands names property their respective owners.
April 2002 Page
addition thermal monitor, Intel® processors include on-die thermal diode. external thermal sensor such ADM1032, ADM1031 ADM1027 produced Analog Devices should connected on-die processor thermal diode monitor temperature processor. This thermal diode separate from thermal monitor's thermal sensor cannot used predict behavior thermal monitor. Because speed temperature changes "hot spots" thermal gradients across die, possible that active while thermal diode measuring temperature within normal ranges. While heat generated specific part dissipated surrounding silicon well package, inefficiency heat transfer silicon between package results temperature gradients across surface die. Therefore, while area have temperature well below design point, another area exceed maximum temperature which design will function reliably. Figure example simulated temperature plot Pentium processor. arrows point center die, hottest thermal area, where located, upper left where thermal diode located.
Figure Simulated temperature plot Intel® Pentium® Processor.
result cross-die temperature variations very important that temperature detection mechanism (the integrated thermal sensor case Pentium processor) located hottest spot die. important realize that because trip-point temperature calibrated with respect case temperature, when trips, temperature thermal diode will vary with specific processor, heat sink solution, thermal interface material. impossible provide data with respect thermal diode, correlate that when close going off. There main issues when dealing with processor thermals: Ensuring that thermals exceed functional limits. This function TCC, which located spot, respond fast enough handle possible thermal transients. Tracking overall temperature. This function thermal diode external thermal diode monitors. This monitoring function away from spots less likely high-speed thermal transients that protects processor from. thermal diodes used automatic speed control keep system quiet possible, minimize times that events occur.
Importance Noise
problem with noise only that unwanted, also that negatively affects human health well being. long been understood that quiet work environment more productive one. not-so-recent past, devices that
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April 2002 Page
created moderate levels noise (air conditioning, PCs, copy machines, forth) were thought acceptable. However, according study published Journal Applied Psychology (Vol. 779-783, Oct. 2000) Stress Open Office Noise, this longer true. These findings suggest that even moderately noisy open offices contribute significantly health problems such heart disease (due elevated levels epinephrine, stress hormone) musculoskeletal problems. Sound levels also impact children's ability learn. study Gary Evans Lorraine Maxwell Cornell University (1997), found that children whose schools were affected aircraft noise learn read well those were quiet schools. researchers compared children noisy school with similar students quiet school found that children noisy school difficulty acquiring speech recognition skills, impacting ability learn read. ensure that noise levels classrooms acceptable levels, 1999 Access Board, which develops accessibility standards under Americans with Disabilities (ADA), voted collaborate with existing Acoustical Society America (ASA)/ANSI Working Group Classroom Acoustics develop recommendations classroom acoustics. group completed final draft, which included background noise specification, January 2001, submitted review ratification ASA/ANSI Committee Noise. just workplace schools where users becoming more concerned with noise. instruments noise: television sets, computers, stereo systems, vacuum cleaners, some toys, plentiful homes today. Limited studies have been conducted with younger children. study residential setting found that 12-month-old infants noisy homes exhibited less mastery-oriented play behavior with their toys than their counterparts quieter homes. Research findings suggest that exposure uncontrollable noise make children more vulnerable learned helplessness. Learned helplessness means that individuals learn that outcomes their behavior independent their actions. Most this research been with school-aged children, including kindergartners. study found that children attending noisy school were less likely solve challenging puzzle persist well. Another study found that children exposed noise were more likely abdicate their choice reward their teachers. children decided adult pick prize them rather than exercise their option Teachers noisy schools also report greater difficulty motivating children their schoolwork. more adults children spend more more time personal computers, ergonomic environmental demands these machines increases. Today there increasing awareness, both among users manufacturers, that level acoustic emissions must regarded important factor comfortable work home environments. users unwilling accept yesterday's solutions over-design-putting more more fans desktop computer, making sound like small airplane.
Control
real test implement automatic control mode does, fact, affect processor thermals. simulated test, combined effects (thermal resistance between sink ambient) seemed indicate that fans were spinning quite fast, heat sink temperature slightly higher beginning thermal event, would make difference overall performance system. This could achieved when heatsink speed controlled on-die processor thermal diode. processor temperature increases, speed will increase; processor temperature decreases, speed will decrease. test, speed decreased during idle sections before after thermal event, processor heat sink were running marginally hotter than when running full However, even worst case, processor temperature exceed normal operating parameters. When using (automatic frequency control) methodology, during power self-test platform, BIOS programs temperature which turned minimum duty cycle, temperature range, temperature hysteresis, desired. From cool state, temperature increased approached TMIN, stayed off. Once temperature reached TMIN, turned minimum duty cycle.
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April 2002 Page
temperature continued increase, speed also increased until reached percent TMIN TRANGE. temperature decreased, speed decreased until temperature reached TMIN. keep from continually cycling off, continued minimum speed until reached hysteresis point, where turned waited until temperature rose again. design purposes, system designer does want turn hysteresis point, possible minimum operating point continually. Since automatic control (AFC) does adversely affect thermal performance system, been determined that processor temperature best input control, then control based processor temperature acoustic betterment system explored. Since each Pentium processor factory calibrated individual systems will have different heat sinks, fans, chassis flows, amounts heat generated, impossible indicate most appropriate TMIN TRANGE every system. Even systems that have same chassis same internal components, variability processor, assembly, altitude, other parameters make pre-defining TMIN very difficult. TMIN low, excess acoustics generated. TMIN high, clock modulation will occur, performance will impacted. taking advantage self-calibration features ADM1027, system tune thermal response that specific system provide quietest system possible. addition operating point register allows TMIN self-adjust. actual temperature exceeds operating point, then TMIN reduced. TMIN decreases, slope control line constant, which increases speed same temperature. shown Figure ADM1027 self-adjusted TMIN value tMIN order keep actual temperature below operating point TOPER.
TRANGE
100%
100%
Duty Cycle
Duty Cycle
TAVG
TAVG
THYS
TMIN
TRANGE
tMIN TMIN
TOPER
TTHERM
Figure ADM1027 self adjusts Tmin value tmin keep actual temperature below operating point Toper
using ADM1027, which monitors Pentium processor's PROCHOT# pin, ADM1027 self-calibrate just below temperature which becomes active. this way, temperature platforms will hottest possible, without running into thermal-related performance issues. stated previously, hotter system, quieter system. self-calibration functionality ADM1027 allows system become independent fans variation, ambient temperature, chassis design processor heat sink, thermal interface material (material between processor heat sink), altitude, networking cards, CD-ROMs, DVDs, hard drives, memory, chipsets, other cards computer placement; which creating moving unknown amounts heat system.
Copyright Intel Corporation 2002. *Third-party brands names property their respective owners.
TAMBIENT
April 2002 Page
Speed
Heat Sink
ADM1027
TCCACTUATION TJUNCTION
Processor
Thermal Interface Material Integrated Heat Spreader Substrate
Processor Power
Figure ADM1027 dBCOOL* controller.
only with this type self-calibrating functionality that manufacturer produce system that truly quiet that does impact performance.
Summary
There many opportunities motherboard manufacturers differentiate their products based functionality that users looking for, lowering acoustics only one. people spend more time with PCs, ergonomic environmental demands these machines become more important. Today, there increasing awareness, among both users manufacturers, that level acoustic emissions must regarded important factor comfortable working home environment. Implementing continuous measurement dynamic adaptation temperature will make possible decrease acoustic levels PCs, lower their power consumption, increase their reliability. ADM1027 dBCOOL* controller, ADP3163 multiphase controller, AD1981A AC'97 SoundMAX* Codec result continuing commitment Analog Devices serve market providing products that monitor manage power usage, process signals used flat-panel displays multimedia projectors, enable provide CD-quality audio. ADI's SoundMAX audio software brings hyper-realistic audio functionality motherboards soundcards through variety patented audio technologies. also serves high-end consumer market with integrated circuits used products such digital cameras camcorders, players, surround-sound audio systems.
More Info
Analog Devices, Inc. leading manufacturer precision, high-performance integrated circuits used analog digital signal processing applications. company headquartered Norwood, Massachusetts, manufacturing facilities Massachusetts, California, North Carolina, Ireland, Philippines, Taiwan, United Kingdom. Analog Devices' stock listed York Stock Exchange, company included Index. find more visiting their site. References: Bronzaft, A.L. McCarthy, D.P. (1975). effect elevated train noise reading ability. Environment Behavior, 517-528. Bronzaft, A.L. (1981). effect noise abatement program reading ability. Journal Environmental Psychology, 215-222. Bronzaft, A.L. (1996). Class. Norwood, Ablex. Cohen, Evans, G.W., Krantz, Stokols, (1980). Physiological, motivational, cognitive effects aircraft noise children. American Psychologist, 231-243.
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April 2002 Page
Cohen, Glass, D.C. Singer, J.D. (1973). Apartment noise, auditory discrimination reading ability children. Journal Experimental Social Psychology. 407-422. Collins, (February 1997). "The Care Dilemma," Time. Dallas, J.D. (1996). more Jerichos! Hearing Rehabilitation Quarterly, 9-11. Deutsch, C.P. (1964). Auditory discrimination learning: social factors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 277- 296. Evans, G.W. Lepore, S.J. (1993). Nonauditory effects noise children: critical review. Children's Environments, 31-51. Evans, G.W. Lepore, S.J., (1993). Nonauditory effects noise children: critical review. Children's Environments, 10(1), 31-51. Evans, G.W. Maxwell, (1997). Chronic noise exposure reading deficits: mediating effects language acquisition. Environment Behavior, 29(5), 638-656. Evans, G.W., Hyge, Bullinger, (1995). Chronic noise psychological stress. Psychological Science, 333-337. Green, K.B., Pastenak, B.S. Shore, R.E. (1982). Effects aircraft noise reading ability school children. Archives Environmental Health, 24-31. Hambrick-Dixon, P.J. (1985). Effects experimentally imposed noise task performance Black children attending care center near elevated subway trains. Developmental Psychology, 259-264. Jones, F.N. Tauscher, (1978). Residence under airport landing pattern factor teratism. Archives Environmental Health, 10-12. Kryter, K.D. (1985). effects noise man. Orlando, Academic Press. Kryter, K.D. (1985). effects noise man. York: Academic Press, Inc. Stenzel, (1996). Flying course: Environmental impacts America's airports. York: Natural Resources Defense Council. Time (February 1997). "How child's brain develops: special report." U.S. National Research Council (1982). Report working group, Prenatal effects exposure high-level noise. Washington, D.C.; National Academy Press. Wachs, Gruen, (1982). Early experience human development. York, Plenum.
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April 2002 Page Differentiating `Toaster World' Robin Getz A

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