AN1287 MC68HC708LN56 Utilities Rick Cramer CSIC Product Engi
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AN1287
MC68HC708LN56 Utilities
Rick Cramer CSIC Product Engineering Austin, Texas
Introduction
software utilities that causes module MC68HC708LN56 function described this application note. Information about software subroutines that, with minimal effort, called write text display also included here. Additionally, this information used basis develop more complex graphical subroutines.
Hardware General Information
module group frontplanes backplanes that intersect display form pixels. frontplanes backplanes form 1280) pixels. implementing hardware different configurations, these pixels arranged form type display. When hardware arranged twodimensional array, pixels form display dots. turning these pixels specific pattern, alphabet characters special symbols formed. characters typical computer keyboard displayed array pixels seven pixels high five pixels wide, which enables MC68HC708LN56 display
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Hardware General Information character array. However, using different hardware implementation methods, character array also formed. This application note contains information character array, although array modified easily work configuration. With this type hardware configuration, array possible character positions. subroutines this application note values through represent position array that each character occupies. This shown Figure
Figure Display Representation MC68HC708LN56 associates byte bits) each column character. character actually takes bits RAM. Each column every character specific memory address associated with writing these addresses, shown Figure display made exhibit information.
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Application Note Hardware General Information
$0E00 $0E01
$0E04
$0E03
Data Plane Address
Figure Character Representation
$0E02
FP10
FP39
BP0-31 BP24 BP31
Figure Panel Matrix Example
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Subroutine Descriptions
Subroutine Descriptions
next sections list describe subroutines' functionality from programmer's viewpoint, including specific example works. tested, working subroutines also provided Freescale customers. Because input required subroutines output returned from subroutines provided, code presented from end-user's point view. This means that user does have understand code utilize subroutines, which decreases software development cycle time. Setting parameters couple tables calling subroutine that necessary using these subroutines. utilities their capabilities listed here. They described more detail following sections provide more thorough guide their usage. WR_STR (write string) subroutine writes ASCII string LCD. used write text messages user prompts such "Messages Waiting" "Press Key." BINTOASC (binary ASCII) subroutine displays hexadecimal equivalent binary character. This more "programmer's friend" subroutine that used code debugging. primary display value data that contained memory location. WR_BIN (write binary) subroutine displays ASCII representation data contained register when called. short, called access character table directly. This necessary writing special user-designed graphic characters. (clear screen) subroutine clears positions display.
General Description
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Application Note Subroutine Descriptions
(invert screen) subroutine turns pixels pixels typically used getting user's attention.
Main
main code section designed example what needed enable call subroutines. main code clears display, writes text screen, then loops through memory, updating only sections screen displaying current address data contained that address. loop repeats after cycling through memory. subroutines designed called other subroutines. They modified calling subroutine before they called. subroutines contain this assembled data:
0050 0053 0054 0057 $1023 $4567
Subroutines
Memory location contains opcode LDA, $C6. locations contain address where data loaded from: Location contains opcode location contains opcode. change address, subroutine writes over address portion with address. This subroutines read reference memory locations memory page. That easy cross reference addresses. call these routines, simply load register with pointer address wish read, store register location $51, then jump subroutine. Upon return from subroutine, accumulator contains value data specific memory location.
NOTE:
Care must taken overwrite opcodes, RTS. these locations accidentally changed, could hopelessly lost executing code that invalid.
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Subroutine Descriptions Location contains opcode necessary perform store (STA) function. This write data memory location MC68HC708LN56 memory map. WR_BIN write binary (WR_BIN) subroutine displays ASCII representation data contained register. Before calling WR_BIN subroutine, load accumulator with position display load register with data displayed. This subroutine starts storing data into location MSG. Then stores delimiter character MSG+1. This sets message with single-byte string. WR_BIN then calls write-string subroutine with position newly created message character written display. BINTOASC subroutine displays hexadecimal equivalent binary character. call this routine, load register with data displayed load accumulator with position where first ASCII characters placed. subroutine works separately writing each nibble binary data consecutive locations. Then calls WR_STR subroutine. BINTOASC first filters upper nibble from data, leaving lower nibble. Then loads lower nibble into register. BINASC table converts binary data (from $0F) ASCII representation. This ASCII data stored MSG+1 memory location later use. subroutine then takes original data executes nibble swap, placing upper nibble lower nibble position. After clearing upper nibble, BINASC table used translate this binary data into ASCII equivalent. This ASCII data stored location. Once both nibbles have been converted, delimiter character placed MSG+2, WR_STR subroutine called with pointer MSG. position display passed through WR_STR unmodified. write string (WR_STR) subroutine writes ASCII string LCD. called loading register pair with pointer string that displayed loading accumulator with position display where first character string placed.
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BINTOASC
WR_STR
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Application Note Subroutine Descriptions
string length long ends with delimiter. this application note, string delimiter close-brace character. Writing string that longer than line will cause wrap next line. string that extends past bottom display will truncated last screen position. WR_STR subroutine starts putting beginning memory location string later use. WR_STR routine modifies subroutines indexed addressing changing opcode, then indexes through string character time. While indexing, WR_STR checks character delimiter. character delimiter, WR_STR writes character display using WR_POS subroutine screen. clear screen (CLS) subroutine clears screen. Since memory locations cleared, wired important. There four blocks starting $0E00, $0E80, $0F00, $0F80. Each bytes. subroutine indexes through each byte blocks stores there. value associated with turning dots matrix. invert screen (INV) subroutine takes data display toggles each bit's on/off state. works similarly subroutine that indexes through blocks. this routine first reads data already display, first, compliments then writes back. write position (WR_POS) subroutine designed called directly other subroutines. This subroutine major functions: uses LCDLOC table find absolute memory location write character data, uses CHARROM table character pattern write memory location. WR_POS starts putting first address subroutine containing opcode. Then gets absolute address first position designated position. puts this address subroutine containing opcode. Once addresses stored, control passed writeit writeit2 subroutines where five data bytes written.
WR_POS
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
WRITEIT Tables writeit subroutine also designed called directly other subroutines. essence, part WR_POS subroutine. This subroutine calls subroutines load character data from CHARROM table then calls subroutine again store data RAM. Writeit then increments both addresses subroutines writes data again. does this five times, once each five bytes data that represent character. writeit2 subroutine almost identical writeit subroutine, except that writes character data into reverse order.
WRITEIT2
Tables
utilities several tables which contain information that subroutines positioning characters display. LCDLOC table most important table. relates character position ($00 $1F) absolute memory address which characters reside. first entry table contains information pertaining position array. shown Figure display's upper lefthand corner position bottom righthand corner position $1F. shown Figure location wired backplane through backplane along side frontplane through frontplane across top. MC68HC708LN56 specification associate memory location $0E00 $0E01 $0E02 This table requires lowest memory location entry each position. instance, position $00, memory location $0E00 entered into table. Depending display hardware configured, changes this table could necessary.
LCDLOC
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Application Note Tables
LCDBACK
LCDBACK table used indicate writeit subroutine write specific character screen backward. This necessary because circuit board layout restrictions that require some frontplanes wired reverse order. This will enable same character table matter display wired. CHARROM table contains data necessary form ASCII characters. Since each letter made display, each ASCII character requires five bytes data. table placed order appearance ASCII character chart easy cross reference. Most data CHARROM table been developed Nortel been used this table with Nortel's permission.
CHARROM
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note Code Listings
LN56LCD.ASM Rick Cramer This program contains subroutines that will allow easy access MC68HC708LN56's Module. Routines contained within will place ASCII characters screen.
Code Listings
Memory Equates RAM_Start Location where Starts EPROM_Start $1E00 Location where EPROM Starts LCDFL0 Control Status Requsters. LCDFL1 LCDFL2 LCDFL3 LCDFL4 LCDCR LCDCCR LCDDIV LCDFR RESET $FFFE Reset Vectors $FFFE Mask Option Register
RESET Interrupt Vectors interrupts used, statement given below must placed routine using interrupt. RESET BEGIN
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Varriables contained below used Subroutines. RAM_Start OPCD OPCD2 OPCD3 OPCD4 POS2 DATA TEMP TEMP2 VARR OFFSET INVERT BACK STRPOS ERRCNT messages. Data Data Data Data String Pointer
Current Position String Space controller generated
BEGIN sets microcontroller general use. EPROM_Start BEGIN #$01,MOR turn MAIN subroutine main loop that shows call subroutines. Also sets microcontroller use. MAIN: clra following section code writes with executable code that will called subroutines. ERRCNT INVERT #$C6 Load Extended Opcode OPCD #$81 OpCode OPCD2 AN1287 More Information This Product, www.freescale.com
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Code Listings
#$C7 OPCD3 #$81 OPCD4
Store Extended Opcode OpCode
Clear Screen Subroutine following section code turns enables* given frequency. 32-kHz OSCILLATOR code follows #$01,LCDDIV 32khzOSC #$04,LCDFR Frame Rate 62hz #$17,LCDCCR Contrast Control #$C0,LCDCR SUPV=1 4-Mhz OSCILLATOR code follows #$9f,LCDDIV 4Mhz #$04,LCDFR #$17,LCDCCR Contrast Control #$C0,LCDCR SUPV=1 #$9f,LCDDIV 4Mhz #$04,LCDFR #$17,LCDCCR VLL=7V #$C0,LCDCR SUPV=1 section code shows call Write_String subroutine. ldhx #ERR pointer string Location #ERR #$10 Screen Position WR_STR jump subroutine RTN. ldhx ldhx #ADDR #$00 WR_STR #DATR #$0A WR_STR pointer string Location #ADDR Location jump subroutine RTN. pointer string Location #DATA Location jump subroutine RTN.
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Application Note Code Listings
next section code sets loop cycle thru entire memory starting #BEGIN. ldhx #BEGIN sthx VARR section code shows call BINTOASC subroutine. show write byte address screen. VARR Load with binary data #$05 Load with Position BINTOASC jump subroutine RTN. VARR+1 #$07 BINTOASC ERRCNT #$19 BINTOASC Load with binary data Load with Position jump subroutine RTN. Load with binary data Load with Position jump subroutine RTN.
Section code shows call WR_BIN subroutine. Writes ASCII EQUIVALENT binary data used write custom graphic characters. VARR #$0F WR_BIN Following code increments main loop address jump back update address data. VARR+1 VARR ldhx VARR cphx #ENDLOC ********* MAIN PROGRAM **************************** ********* BEGINNING SUBROUTINES ***********************
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Code Listings
***** Binary write routine ***** Enter with Binary Number ***** Location WR_BIN ldhx TEMP #"}" MSG+1 #MSG TEMP WR_STR Store Data Store TEMP delimiter Setup subroutine call position from TEMP jump subroutinr return return
***** Binary ASCII ***** Enter with Binary Number ***** Location BINTOASC TEMP2 Store later TEMP Store data later data #$0F only lower nibble Store indexing BINASC,x ASCII data stored #BINASC MSG+1 store lower nibble TEMP data back upper nibble lower #$0F only lower nibble store indexing BINASC,x ASCII data stored #BINASC store data #"}" delimiter MSG+2 TEMP2 Location ldhx #MSG newly created Message WR_STR write screen return
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Application Note Code Listings
********* Write String Subroutine *************************** Writes ASCII string LCD. contains pointer beginning string, string must with delimeter character string goes past screen, subroutine exits. Call with String Pointer Position start WR_STR sthx Store Pointer string POS2 Location STRPOS Start beginning clrh #$D6 indexed (IX2) OPCODE OPCD store STRPOS Current string position Copy string beginning into subroutine byte OPCD execute (LDA LO,x) #"}" this data delimeter? return STRPOS next character POS2 location POS2 increment next char #$1f Character Sceen? YES: Return WR_POS Write Character always next character return Subroutine Clears Screen clrx Clear Pointer #$00 Data =$00 (BLANK) $0E00,x First Bank $0E80,x Second Bank $0F00,x Third Bank $0F80,x Forth Bank incx Next position BANK #$29 Cleared them? next Yes: Return
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Code Listings
Subroutine INVERTS Screen clrx clear pointer $0E00,x Bank1, char coma Invert data $0E00,x write back $0E80,x Bank2, char coma Invert data $0E80,x write back $0F00,x Bank3, char coma Invert data $0F00,x write back $0F80,x Bank4, char coma Invert data $0F80,x write back incx Next character #$29 Done with bank? next yes: return WR_POS Subroutine Writes ASCII data into WR_POS: DATA store data later store POSition later Setup subroutines called later #$C6 Load Extended Opcode OPCD #$81 OpCode OPCD2 #$C7 Store Extended Opcode OPCD3 #$81 OpCode OPCD4 information about write this location LCDBACK,x Check char wired backward BACK store data later character screen? #$1f RETRN
(writing screen) branch Return
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Application Note Code Listings
Find table memory location this position incrementing address amount times table contains ABSOLUTE memory locations lowest memory location position. ldhx #LCDLOC Beginning Character sthx Store Subroutine clrh POS; $00->$1f FINLOC $00, LCDLOC INLOC increment INLOC Twice decx Counter RETRN load with pointer table address subroutine. FINLOC OPCD (LDA #$HI First byte ABSOLUTE address INLOC next byte pointer table OPCD Second byte ABSOLUTE address this point subroutine contains following: OPCD2 STAq $HI2 Now, check Data write there. GETDAT clrh clrx DATA Load with Data #$91 Past Character table? Goto ERR2 Find beginning character data #$05 bytes each char OFFSET+1 locations from beginning OFFSET char pattern. ldhx #CHARROM beginning char sthx pattern store
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Code Listings
find first data byte HI+1 OFFSET+1 OFFSET+1 OFFSET OFFSET ldhx OFFSET sthx clrh clrx
current char write base address char offset find first data byte single character write
WriteIt subroutine takes beginning data byte next four writes onto screen. WRITEIT BACK; Char wired backward, call writeit2 WRITEIT2 wired backward OPCD; INVERT OPCD3 INLOC INLOC2 OPCD INVERT OPCD3 INLOC INLOC2 OPCD INVERT OPCD3 INLOC INLOC2 OPCD INVERT OPCD3 INLOC INLOC2 OPCD INVERT OPCD3 BYTE char data with INVERT $HI2 Increment Char Pattern Location Increment ABSOLUTE location BYTE
$HI2
$HI2
BYTE
$HI2
BYTE
$HI2
BYTE
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Application Note Code Listings
WriteIt2 subroutine takes beginning data byte next four writes onto screen, does backward. WRITEIT2 INLOC2 INLOC2 INLOC2 INLOC2 OPCD INVERT OPCD3 INLOC DECLOC2 OPCD INVERT OPCD3 INLOC DECLOC2 OPCD INVERT OPCD3 INLOC DECLOC2 OPCD INVERT OPCD3 INLOC DECLOC2 OPCD INVERT OPCD3 increment positions character table beacuse will writen backward
BYTE char data with INVERT $HI2 Increment Char Pattern Location Decrement ABSOLUTE location BYTE
$HI2
$HI2
BYTE
$HI2
BYTE
$HI2
BYTE
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Code Listings
Subroutine address Increment Decrement DECLOC2 Increment Address #$ff thru page? RRR4 next page Increment Page RRR4 ****************************** INLOC Increment Address next page Increment Page ****************************** INLOC2 Increment Address RRR2 next page Increment Page RRR2
Beginning Data LCDLOC pointer table that points memory locations represents "beginning" location each character position. LCDLOC: $0F00 $0F05 $0F0A $0F0F $0F14 $0F19 $0F1E $0F23 $0E23 $0E1E $0E19 $0E14 $0E0F $0E0A $0E05 $0E00
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Application Note Code Listings
$0F80 $0F85 $0F8A $0F8F $0F94 $0F99 $0F9E $0FA3 $0EA3 $0E9E $0E99 $0E94 $0E8F $0E8A $0E85 $0E80
LCDBACK data table individual characters that wired backward. This table allows subroutines print backward characters backward which makes them look correct when read. LCDBACK $00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00 $FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF $00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00,$00 $FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF **** BINASC table converts binary numbers into their ASCII equivalent. BINASC "A","B","C","D","E","F" following data sample strings. PAGE: ADDR: DATR: ERR: 'ERRORS:}' 'DAT}' 'ADR}' 'Page}'
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Code Listings
CHARROM table physical dot-matrix representation each character ASCII table (from $00-$7f) arranged order position ASCII table, that cross referencing done easily. Values higher than used custom characters. Freescale logo been included example. Most data CHARROM table been developed Nortel been used this table with Nortel's permission.
CHARROM: $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $00,$00,$00,$00,$00 $00,$00,$5F,$00,$00 $00,$06,$00,$06,$00 $14,$7F,$14,$7F,$14 $04,$2A,$6D,$2A,$10 $27,$16,$08,$34,$32 $20,$56,$49,$36,$50 $00,$03,$05,$00,$00
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Application Note Code Listings
AN1287
$00,$00,$1D,$22,$41 $41,$22,$1D,$00,$00 $14,$08,$3E,$08,$14 $20,$56,$49,$36,$50 $00,$50,$30,$00,$00 $08,$08,$08,$08,$08 $00,$30,$30,$00,$00 $20,$10,$08,$04,$02 $3E,$51,$49,$45,$3E $00,$42,$7F,$40,$00 $42,$61,$51,$49,$46 $21,$41,$45,$4B,$31 $18,$14,$12,$7F,$10 $27,$45,$45,$45,$39 $3C,$4A,$49,$49,$30 $01,$71,$09,$05,$03 $36,$49,$49,$49,$36 $06,$49,$49,$29,$1E $00,$36,$36,$00,$00 $00,$56,$36,$00,$00 $08,$14,$22,$41,$00 $14,$14,$14,$14,$14 $00,$41,$22,$14,$08 $02,$01,$51,$09,$06 $3E,$41,$4D,$4D,$06 $7E,$11,$11,$11,$7E $7F,$49,$49,$49,$36 $3E,$41,$41,$41,$22 $7F,$41,$41,$22,$1C $7F,$49,$49,$49,$41 $7F,$09,$09,$09,$01 $3E,$41,$49,$49,$7A $7F,$08,$08,$08,$7F $00,$41,$7F,$41,$00 $20,$40,$41,$3F,$01 $7F,$08,$14,$22,$41 $7F,$40,$40,$40,$40 $7F,$02,$0C,$02,$7F $7F,$04,$08,$10,$7F $3E,$41,$41,$41,$3E $7F,$09,$09,$09,$06 $3E,$41,$51,$21,$5E $7F,$09,$19,$29,$46 $46,$49,$49,$49,$31 $01,$01,$7F,$01,$01 $3F,$40,$40,$40,$3F $1F,$20,$40,$20,$1F $3F,$40,$38,$40,$3F $63,$14,$08,$14,$63 $07,$08,$70,$08,$07 $61,$51,$49,$45,$43
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Code Listings
$00,$7F,$41,$41,$00 $02,$04,$08,$10,$20 $00,$41,$41,$7F,$00 $04,$02,$01,$02,$04 $02,$01,$51,$09,$06 $00,$00,$05,$03,$00 $20,$54,$54,$54,$78 $7F,$48,$44,$44,$38 $38,$44,$44,$44,$20 $38,$44,$44,$48,$7F $38,$54,$54,$54,$18 $08,$7E,$09,$01,$02 $04,$2A,$2A,$2A,$1C $7F,$08,$04,$04,$78 $00,$44,$7D,$40,$00 $20,$40,$44,$3D,$00 $7F,$10,$28,$44,$00 $00,$41,$7F,$40,$00 $7C,$04,$18,$04,$78 $7C,$08,$04,$04,$78 $38,$44,$44,$44,$38 $7C,$14,$14,$14,$08 $08,$14,$14,$18,$7C $7C,$08,$04,$04,$08 $48,$54,$54,$54,$20 $04,$3F,$44,$40,$20 $3C,$40,$40,$20,$7C $1C,$20,$40,$20,$1C $3C,$40,$30,$40,$3C $44,$28,$10,$28,$44 $44,$64,$54,$4C,$44 $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $1E,$48,$90,$50,$8E $7F,$7F,$7F,$7F,$7F $0C,$50,$50,$50,$3C $50,$08,$04,$60,$7A $3C,$71,$41,$71,$3C $7A,$60,$04,$08,$50 $05,$00,$17,$01,$20 $00,$40,$41,$40,$00 $20,$01,$17,$00,$05 $78,$10,$60,$10,$78 $07,$00,$00,$00,$07 $70,$08,$08,$08,$70 $03,$04,$04,$04,$03 $08,$08,$78,$08,$08 $00,$00,$07,$00,$00 $78,$48,$48,$48,$30 $07,$00,$01,$02,$04
(Batwing) (Batwing) (Batwing) (Batwing) (Batwing) (Batwing) -TOP -BOT AN1287
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ENDLOC:
$78,$00,$00,$00,$00 $07,$04,$04,$04,$04 $70,$08,$08,$08,$70 $07,$01,$01,$01,$07
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note Flow Chart
Flow Chart
BEGIN
TURN
MAIN
CLEAR VARIABLES
INITIALIZE VARR LOOP
SETUP SUBROUTINE
WRITE DATA DISPLAY
CLEAR DISPLAY INCREMENT VARR LOOP TURN
WRITE INITIAL DISPLAY TEXT
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WR_BIN SUBROUTINE
BINTOASC SUBROUTINE
STORE DATA BUFFER
STORE DATA LOCATION
STORE DELIMITER CHARACTER MESSAGE BUFFER (MSG+1)
CONVERT LOWER NIBBLE DATA FROM BINARY ASCII
CALL WR_STR SUBROUTINE
STORE LOWER NIBBLE BUFFER (MSG+1)
CONVERT UPPER NIBBLE DATA FROM BINARY ASCII
STORE DELIMITER CHARACTER MESSAGE BUFFER (MSG+2)
STORE UPPER NIBBLE (MSG)
CALL WR_STR SUBROUTINE
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Flow Chart
WRITE_STRING SUBROUTINE
STORE DATA LOCATION
CLEAR POINTER
STRPOS
COPY STRING POINTER SUBROUTINE
CHANGE SUBROUTINE INDEXED ADDRESSING
CHARACTER FROM STRING
CHARACTER DELIMITER
CHAR POSITION SCREEN
CALL WR_POS SUBROUTINE
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SUBROUTINE
CLEAR REGISTER
CLEAR BANK1,X
CLEAR BANK2,X
CLEAR BANK4,X
CLEAR BANK3,X
INCREMENT REGISTER
X=#$29?
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Flow Chart
SUBROUTINE
CLEAR REGISTER
COMPLIMENT BANK1,X
COMPLIMENT BANK2,X
COMPLIMENT BANK4,X
COMPLIMENT BANK3,X
INCREMENT REGISTER
X=#$29?
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WRITE POSITION SUBROUTINE
STORE DATA LOCATION BACKWARD DATA FROM TABLE
SETUP SUBROUTINE EXTENDED ADDRESSING
STORE BACKWARD DATA "BACK" LOOKUP MEMORY LOCATION TABLE
CHARACTER SCREEN LOOKUP CHAR DATA
STORE LOCATION SUBROUTINE
STORE CHAR DATA SUBROUTINE WRITTEN BYTES
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
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