AthlonXP Processor with 512KB Cache Technology Performance Leader
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AthlonXP Processor with 512KB Cache
Technology Performance Leadership Microprocessors
Jack Huynh
ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC. Place Sunnyvale, 94088
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AthlonXP Processor
February 2003
Introduction: Continuing Performance Leadership Microprocessors
Founded 1969, shipped more than million processors worldwide. processors power behind desktop mobile PCs, generation servers workstations. Since introduction 1999, award-winning Athlonprocessor been known industry leader, enabling highest system performance levels market. Since launch October 2001, Athlon processor computer systems based Athlon processor have more than awards worldwide, including 2002 World's World Class Award Computer Product Year. all, Athlon processor family systems based such processors have more than awards worldwide, including World's World Class Award overall Product Year 2000. Athlon processor family provided industry-leading processing power pave road levels end-user capability with application areas from gaming productivity applications, including digital photo editing, digital video, image compression, video encoding, audio compression, modeling animation, commercial desktop publishing, speech recognition. Engineering technology leadership performance leadership. AMD's engineering technology leadership specific seventh-generation Athlon processor family includes driving innovations such instruction extensions aimed applications (3DNow!Professional technology) processor instruction level, memory HyperTransporttechnology platform level, 0.13-micron process with copper interconnect process technology level. With introduction Athlon processor with 512KB cache 0.13-micron process technology,
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AthlonXP Processor
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continues tradition technology innovation enabling highest levels delivered desktop performance. discussion that follows provides in-depth look Athlon processor with 512KB 0.13-micron process technology increases performance scalability QuantiSpeedarchitecture. differentiating features well real-world application performance benefits QuantiSpeed architecture will also discussed.
Manufacturing Technology Leadership with Leading Edge 0.13-Micron Process Technology
Athlon processor with 512KB cache, codenamed "Barton," manufactured state-of-the-art, nanometer copper technology newest member family seventhgeneration Athlon processors designed meet computationally-intensive requirements software applications running high-performance desktop systems. Athlon processor based 0.13-micron process technology increases performance scalability provided QuantiSpeed architecture delivering higher clock speeds thermal power. 0.13-micron process technology provides thermal headroom necessary scale frequency within thermal limits desktop platforms, thus maximizing overall performance. Athlon processor based 0.13-micron process technology, like Athlon processors, also compatible with AMD's established Socket infrastructure. With increased frequency scalability brought about 0.13micron technology combined with QuantiSpeed architecture, continues deliver compelling solutions high-performance computing, delivers superb integer, floating point,
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multimedia performance applications running x86-based platforms.
QuantiSpeedArchitecture: More Optimally Balanced Microarchitecture Real-World Application Performance
microprocessor component determining effectiveness computer system execute specific tasks shortest amount time. amount time required complete specific software tasks referred real-world application performance. Application performance function elements. Clock speed processor, measured megahertz, gigahertz amount work processor accomplish given clock cycle, measured instructions clock cycle (IPC) Application Performance [work completed clock cycle] [clock speed] Frequency Different approaches taken optimize processor application performance. worked maintain more balanced microarchitecture with shorter pipeline designed much higher than competitive processors available market. Although other competitive processors enable deeper pipelines with fewer gates clock drive frequency improvements, deeper pipelines alone translate into less work clock cycle. This reduced work clock cycle reduced only offset improvements other areas, such branch prediction cache rates. Taken extreme, processor performance actually reduced forcing frequency improvements expense improvements.
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AthlonXP Processor
February 2003
This point illustrated office applications which tend branch-code intensive resulting lower performance deeper pipelines that must flushed with much greater performance penalty. reaffirmed Desktop Performance Optimization Intel Pentium® Processor paper "Integer basic office productivity applications, such Word spreadsheet processing, tend have many branches code, thus reducing overall capabilities. result, associated branch penalties performance these applications does generally scale well with frequency more resistant improvements micro-architectural means, such deeper pipelines." Athlon processor with QuantiSpeed architecture implemented 0.13-micron technology continues exhibit Athlon processor family's balanced combination improving clock frequency without compromising amount work done clock cycle therefore IPC. result processor design that produces high well high operating frequencies, optimum combination deliver highest levels performance real-world application environments.
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AthlonXP Processor
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QuantiSpeed architecture consists four differentiating features that enhance application performance Athlon processor: Nine-issue, superscalar, fully pipelined microarchitecture Superscalar, fully pipelined floating point unit (FPU) Hardware data prefetch Enhanced Translation Look-aside Buffers (TLBs)
2-way, 64KB Instruction Cache
24-entry TLB/256-entry
Predecode Cache
Branch Prediction Table
Fetch/Decode Control
3-Way Instruction Decoders Instruction Control Unit (72-entry)
Integer Scheduler (18-entry)
Stack Rename Scheduler (36-entry) Register File (88-entry)
Interface Unit
FStore
FADD 3DNow!
FMUL 3DNow!
Cache 16-way, 256KB
Load Store Queue Unit
2-way, 64KB Data Cache
40-entry TLB/256-entry
System Interface
Figure AthlonXP Microarchitecture Block Diagram
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AthlonXP Processor
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QuantiSpeedArchitecture: Nine-issue, Superscalar, Fully Pipelined Microarchitecture with High-Performance Cache Memory Architecture, Three Full Instruction Decoders
heart QuantiSpeed architecture fully pipelined, nine-issue, superscalar processor core. Athlon processor provides wider execution bandwidth nine execution pipes when compared with competitive processors with execution pipes. nine execution engines comprised three address calculation units, three integer units, three floating-point units. order supply such highly superscalar microarchitecture, Athlon processor implements very large on-chip cache architecture, particularly caches closest core. Athlon processor's high-performance, on-chip cache architecture includes dual-ported 128KB split-L1 cache with separate snoop ports, integrated full-speed, 16-way set-associative, 512KB cache using 72-bit (64-bit data 8-bit ECC) interface. Athlon processor's large integrated full-speed cache comprised separate 64KB, two-way set-associative data instruction caches which much larger than Pentium® processor's cache (128KB 12KB µop). featuring larger cache, applications running Athlon processor perform exceptionally fast since more instruction data information local processor. Applications exploit larger caches through benefiting from increased support instruction data locality. data cache also eight banks provide maximum parallelism running multiple applications. supports concurrent accesses 64-bit loads stores. instruction cache contains predecode data assist multiple, high-performance instruction decoders. Both instruction data caches dual-ported
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contain dedicated snoop ports designed eliminate system coherency traffic, common systems with many devices, from interfering with application performance. Athlon processor also includes integrated, fullspeed, 16-way set-associative, exclusive 512KB cache. When processor requests data, first searches data cache. processor finds data cache, result what known cache processor retrieves data from latency cache. processor retrieve data from cache, processor attempts retrieve data cache once again attempts obtain cache hit. event cache miss, processor must then request this data from slower system memory. With additional 256KB cache over previous Athlon processors, Athlon processor with 512KB cache increases performance applications such high-end gaming digital media keeping more frequently accessed instructions data close CPU. Higher set-associativity increases rate reducing data conflicts. This translates into more possible locations which important data reside cache memory, instead system memory. With exclusive cache architecture, contents caches duplicated cache. This enables 512KB cache 128KB cache total usable storage space 640KB. Athlon processor cache architecture also supports error correction code (ECC) protection. With these cache architecture features, Athlon processor provides reliable highperformance computing. When executing software, processor begins decoding program's instructions translating them into operations Ops) that processor execute. order continually feed
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AthlonXP Processor
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execution engine with data, Athlon processor includes three instruction decoders. Each decoder capable decoding three instructions clock cycle. comparison, Pentium designed decode only instruction clock cycle with resource only instruction decoder. Thus, Pentium only one-third maximum theoretical decode bandwidth Athlon processor. decode bandwidth Athlon processor enables processor advantageously utilize execution bandwidth capabilities QuantiSpeed architecture, thereby improving IPC.
QuantiSpeedArchitecture: Superscalar Fully Pipelined Floating Point Unit (FPU)
Athlon processor offers most powerful, architecturally advanced floating point units (FPU) delivered microprocessor. Athlon processor's three issue, superscalar floating point capability based three pipelined, out-oforder floating point execution units, each with one-cycle throughput. Using data format single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) operations based MMXinstruction model, Athlon processor deliver many four 32-bit, single-precision floating point results clock cycle.
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Microarchitecture
Three separate executions units Athlon processor's floating point pipeline support floating point instructions, instructions, 3DNow! Professional technology instructions. three execution units are: Fstore This floating point load/store pipeline that handles loads, stores, miscellaneous operations. Fadd This adder pipeline that contains 3DNow! Professional technology, add, ALU/shifter, execution units. Fmul This multiplier pipeline that contains ALU, multiplier, reciprocal unit, FP/3DNow! Professional technology instruction multiplier, support FDIV instructions. addition superscalar design, Athlon processor's super pipelined. This technique supports higher clock frequencies enables process complex floating point instructions more quickly deliver high overall floating point instruction throughput. comparison, Pentium processor only offers execution units, Fadd Fmul Fstore. Thus, example, Athlon processor floating point addition multiplication clock cycle, while Pentium processor only multiplication addition clock cycle. seventh-generation Athlon processor incorporates other features such 36entry instruction scheduler 88-entry register file independent, superscalar, out-of-order, speculative execution floating point instructions. With three separate execution units,
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AthlonXP Processor
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Athlon processor's superscalar boost performance floating point-intensive applications varying from commercial applications such modeling consumer applications such high-end gaming desktop systems. 3DNow!Professional Technology: Innovation AthlonXP Processor Core Athlon processor with 3DNow! Professional technology adds instructions enhanced 3DNow! technology supported Athlon processor. These instructions, along with SIMD integer additions already included enhanced 3DNow! technology, compatible with Intel's technology. Table provides breakout 3DNow! technology instruction evolution.
Table processor support SIMD instructions extensions instruction architecture.
Processor: 3DNow!Technology Version Supported: Description Instructions Supported: Original 3DNow! Technology Extensions 3DNow! Technology plus MMXextensions (part SSE) plus five communications extensions Enhanced 3DNow! Technology plus extensions (completing support)
AMD-K6®-2 Processor
3DNow! Technology
AthlonProcessor
Enhanced 3DNow! Technology
Athlon Processor
3DNow! Professional Technology
3DNow! technology largely complementary architectural enhancements. implementing them variety ways, software developers able determine they utilize advanced architectural capabilities enabled SIMD instruction extensions. Examples applications most able benefit from
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AthlonXP Processor
February 2003
these instruction extensions include speed recognition, video encoding/decoding, graphics generations. Many current software applications that SIMD-optimized different code paths benefit from 3DNow! technology SSE, depending processor architecture which these applications executed. processor architectures preceding Athlon processor only supported 3DNow! enhanced 3DNow! technology, which yielded following three code path scenarios developers: Software optimized exclusively processor architectures with 3DNow! technology their 3DNow! technology-optimized code path processors supporting 3DNow! technology. Software optimized both processor architectures with 3DNow! technology, other industry processor architectures supporting SSE, their 3DNow! technology-optimized code path processors supporting 3DNow! technology. Software optimized exclusively other industry processor architectures supporting nonoptimized code path processor architectures. With advent 3DNow! Professional technology, Athlon processor seamlessly allow SIMD-optimized software third scenario above recognize support optimized code path increased performance. recognition support 3DNow! Professional technology preformed automatically software applications that industry standard feature flags, provided CPUID instruction designed
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AthlonXP Processor
February 2003
automatically recognize support optimized code path. This means that with 3DNow! Professional technology's support both 3DNow! technologies, Athlon processor able take advantage performance gains offered SIMDoptimized software applications. only Athlon processor designed benefit from existing software applications supporting 3DNow! technologies, future, software developers will have ability utilize strength both 3DNow! technology when optimizing code paths processor architectures which support 3DNow! Professional technology. Athlon processor enables this advanced level SIMD optimization allowing 3DNow! instructions executed same code path.
QuantiSpeedArchitecture: Hardware Data Prefetch
further enhance processor therefore processor performance, Athlon processor also uses hardware data prefetch technology. This hardware data prefetch technology observes memory accesses, looks regular access patterns, speculatively fetches cache line with data into processor's data cache advance actual data access, therefore reducing average latency seen processor accessing memory. past, data prefetch supported through instructions introduced 3DNow! technologies. However, processor take advantage this capability, software applications specifically optimized with 3DNow! instructions. Athlon processor designed automatically optimize performance existing software that previously been optimized using hardware data prefetch instructions supported 3DNow! Professional technology.
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AthlonXP Processor
February 2003
Benefits Athlon processor's hardware data prefetching observed more high-end, data-intensive applications that access larger arrays data. Performance also benefits occupying processor instruction execution bandwidth required software prefetching instructions. optimization most effective when coupled with high-bandwidth system memory transfer capability, available processor platforms such those optimized support memory.
QuantiSpeedArchitecture: Exclusive Speculative Translation Look-aside Buffers (TLBs)
Athlon processor features advanced, two-level Translation Look-aside Buffer (TLB) structures both instruction data address translation. Athlon processor's Level (L1) Instruction (I-TLB) holds entries, Data (D-TLB) holds entries, I-TLB D-TLB each hold entries. reduce incidence entry conflicts, structures adopt exclusive architecture design. With exclusive architecture, TLBs contain entries that duplicated TLBs, enabling combination sizes larger total available entry space both instruction data TLBs. reducing number conflicts caused holding more entries within processor, performance increases high-end, data-intensive applications that encounter instruction sequences that longer have wait entries reloaded during execution. structures Athlon processor also have ability enter data misses TLBs speculatively. Athlon processor allows entries written speculatively
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AthlonXP Processor
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before first instruction completed, while preserving proper instruction execution ordering which removes serialization effect results improved system performance.
Conclusion: Technology Performance Leadership Microprocessors
With these differentiating features Athlon processor with QuantiSpeed architecture. 0.13-micron process technology Provides further thermal headroom necessary scale frequency within thermal limits desktop platforms Athlon processor, thus maximizing overall performance 512KB cache Increases performance applications such high-end gaming digital media keeping more frequently accessed instructions data close processor. QuantiSpeed Architecture: Nine-issue, superscalar, fully pipelined microarchitecture Provides wide executing bandwidth improve overall productivity Superscalar, fully pipelined Increasing performance floating point-intensive applications while offering 3DNow! Professional technology support Hardware data prefetch Increasing performance high-end software applications using high-bandwidth system capability, especially with memory
enhancements Increasing performance highend, data-intensive applications
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AthlonXP Processor
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continues accelerate technology innovations while meeting computationally intensive requirements software applications including: applications modeling, high-end gaming, etc. Multimedia/digital content creation applications photo video editing, video encoding decoding, image compression, soft DVD, encoding decoding, etc. High-end applications digital publishing, speech recognition, CAM, digital prototyping, etc. With industry leading performance across these number other applications, Athlon processor implemented 0.13micron technology continues increase performance scalability provided QuantiSpeed architecture delivering higher clock speeds industry-leading processor performance lower thermal power. Athlon processor continues tradition Athlon processor family providing compelling levels delivered system performance today's tomorrow's applications.
Overview
global supplier integrated circuits personal networked computer communications markets with manufacturing facilities United States, Europe, Japan, Asia. AMD, Fortune Standard Poor company, produces microprocessors, Flash memory devices, support circuitry communications networking applications. Founded 1969 based Sunnyvale, California, revenues approximately $2.7 billion 2002. (NYSE:AMD).
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AthlonXP Processor
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2002 2003 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. rights reserved. AMD, Arrow logo, Athlon, AMD-K6 combinations thereof, 3DNow! QuantiSpeed trademarks AMD-K6 registered trademark Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Pentium registered trademark trademark Intel Corporation United States and/or other jurisdictions. HyperTransport trademark HyperTransport Technology Consortium U.S. other jurisdictions. Other product company names used this publication identification purposes only trademarks their respective companies.
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AthlonXP Processor
February 2003
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