Antenna Circuit Design Author: Youbok Lee, Ph.D. Microchip Techno
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AN710
Antenna Circuit Design
Author: Youbok Lee, Ph.D. Microchip Technology Inc.
REVIEW BASIC THEORY RFID ANTENNA DESIGN
Current Magnetic Fields
Ampere's states that current flowing conductor produces magnetic field around conductor. magnetic field produced current element, shown Figure round conductor (wire) with finite length given
INTRODUCTION
Passive RFID tags utilize induced antenna coil voltage operation. This induced voltage rectified provide voltage source device. voltage reaches certain level, device starts operating. providing energizing signal, reader communicate with remotely located device that external power source such battery. Since energizing communication between reader accomplished through antenna coils, important that device must equipped with proper antenna circuit successful RFID applications. signal radiated effectively linear dimension antenna comparable with wavelength operating frequency. However, wavelength 13.56 22.12 meters. Therefore, difficult form true antenna most RFID applications. Alternatively, small loop antenna circuit that resonating frequency used. current flowing into coil radiates near-field magnetic field that falls with r-3. This type antenna called magnetic dipole antenna. 13.56 passive applications, microhenries inductance hundred resonant capacitor typically used. voltage transfer between reader coils accomplished through inductive coupling between coils. typical transformer, where voltage primary coil transfers secondary coil, voltage reader antenna coil transferred antenna coil vice versa. efficiency voltage transfer increased significantly with high circuits. This section written coil designers RFID system engineers. reviews basic electromagnetic theories antenna coils, procedure coil design, calculation measurement inductance, antenna tuning method, read range RFID applications.
EQUATION
where: current distance from center wire permeability free space given 10-7 (Henry/meter) Weber
special case with infinitely long wire where:
-180°
Equation rewritten
EQUATION
Weber
FIGURE
CALCULATION MAGNETIC FIELD LOCATION CURRENT STRAIGHT CONDUCTING WIRE
Wire (into page)
1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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magnetic field produced circular loop antenna given
FIGURE
EQUATION
coil
CALCULATION MAGNETIC FIELD LOCATION CURRENT LOOP
where current radius loop distance from center wire permeability free space given 10-7 (Henry/meter)
FIGURE
above equation indicates that magnetic field strength decays with 1/r3. graphical demonstration shown Figure maximum amplitude plane loop directly proportional both current number turns, Equation often used calculate ampere-turn requirement read range. examples that calculate ampere-turns field intensity necessary power will given following sections.
DECAYING MAGNETIC FIELD DISTANCE
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AN710
INDUCED VOLTAGE ANTENNA COIL
Faraday's states that time-varying magnetic field through surface bounded closed path induces voltage around loop. Figure shows simple geometry RFID application. When reader antennas close proximity, time-varying magnetic field that produced reader antenna coil induces voltage (called electromotive force simply EMF) closed antenna coil. induced voltage coil causes flow current coil. This called Faraday's law. induced voltage antenna coil equal time rate change magnetic flux
EQUATION
where: magnetic field given Equation surface area coil inner product (cosine angle between vectors) vectors surface area Both magnetic field surface vector quantities.
Note:
EQUATION
where: number turns antenna coil magnetic flux through each turn
negative sign shows that induced voltage acts such oppose magnetic flux producing This known Lenz's emphasizes fact that direction current flow circuit such that induced magnetic field produced induced current will oppose original magnetic field. magnetic flux Equation total magnetic field that passing through entire surface antenna coil, found
presentation inner product vectors Equation suggests that total magnetic flux that passing through antenna coil affected orientation antenna coils. inner product vectors becomes maximized when cosine angle between degree, field surface coil) perpendicular each other. maximum magnetic flux that passing through coil obtained when coils (reader coil coil) placed parallel with respect each other. This condition results maximum induced voltage coil also maximum read range. inner product expression Equation also expressed terms mutual coupling between reader coils. mutual coupling between coils maximized above condition.
FIGURE
BASIC CONFIGURATION READER ANTENNAS RFID APPLICATIONS
Coil
V0sin(t) B0sin(t)
I0sin(t) Reader Electronics Tuning Circuit Reader Coil
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Using Equations Equation rewritten above equation, quality factor measure selectivity frequency interest. will defined Equations through
EQUATION
FIGURE
ORIENTATION DEPENDENCY ANTENNA
B-field
where: voltage coil current reader coil radius reader coil radius coil distance between coils mutual inductance between reader coils, given induced voltage developed across loop antenna coil function angle arrival signal. induced voltage maximized when antenna coil placed parallel with incoming signal where
EXAMPLE
CALCULATION B-FIELD COIL
EQUATION
MCRF355 device turns when antenna coil develops across This voltage rectified device starts operate when reaches VDC. B-field induce coil voltage with standard 7810 card size (85.6 0.76 calculated from coil voltage equation using Equation
above equation equivalent voltage transformation typical transformer applications. current flow primary coil produces magnetic flux that causes voltage induction secondary coil. shown Equation coil voltage largely dependent mutual inductance between coils. mutual inductance function coil geometry spacing between them. induced voltage coil decreases with r-3. Therefore, read range also decreases same way. From Equations generalized expression induced voltage tuned loop coil given
EQUATION
2fNSQBo 0.0449 2fNSQ µwbm
where following parameters used above calculation: coil size Frequency (85.6 (ISO card size) 0.0046224 13.56 (normal direction,
EQUATION
2fNSQB where: frequency arrival signal number turns coil loop area loop square meters (m2) quality factor circuit strength arrival signal angle arrival signal
Number turns
antenna coil coil voltage turn
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AN710
EXAMPLE NUMBER TURNS CURRENT (AMPERETURNS) EXAMPLE OPTIMUM COIL DIAMETER READER COIL
optimum coil diameter that requires minimum number ampere-turns particular read range found from Equation such
Assuming that reader should provide read range inches (38.1 given previous example, current number turns reader antenna coil calculated from Equation
EQUATION
EQUATION
where:
0.0449 0.38 0.43 ampere turns
taking derivative with respect radius
above result indicates that needs turn coil, 2-turn coil.
above equation becomes minimized when: above result shows relationship between read range optimum coil diameter. optimum coil diameter found
EQUATION
where: radius coil read range.
result indicates that optimum loop radius, 1.414 times demanded read range
1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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WIRE TYPES OHMIC LOSSES
Wire Size Resistance
diameter electrical wire expressed American Wire Gauge (AWG) number. gauge number inversely proportional diameter, diameter roughly doubled every wire gauges. wire with smaller diameter higher resistance. resistance conductor with uniform cross-sectional area found
EXAMPLE
skin depth copper wire 13.56 calculated
EQUATION
EQUATION
where: total length wire conductivity cross-sectional area
0.0179
0.187
wire resistance increases with frequency, resistance skin depth called resistance. approximated formula resistance given
Table shows diameter bare enamel-coated wires, resistance.
EQUATION
where: coil radius
Resistance Wire
charge carriers evenly distributed through entire cross section wire. frequency increases, reactance near center wire increases. This results higher impedance current density region. Therefore, charge moves away from center wire towards edge wire. result, current density decreases center wire increases near edge wire. This called skin effect. depth into conductor which current density falls 1/e, value along surface, known skin depth function frequency permeability conductivity medium. skin depth given
EQUATION
where: frequency permeability material conductivity material
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AN710
TABLE
Wire Size (AWG)
WIRE CHART
Dia. Mils (bare) 289.3 287.6 229.4 204.3 181.9 162.0 166.3 128.5 114.4 101.9 90.7 80.8 72.0 64.1 57.1 50.8 45.3 40.3 35.9 32.0 28.5 25.3 22.6 20.1 17.9 Dia. Mils (coated) 131.6 116.3 106.2 93.5 83.3 74.1 66.7 59.5 52.9 47.2 42.4 37.9 34.0 30.2 28.0 24.2 21.6 19.3 Ohms/ 1000 0.126 0.156 0.197 0.249 0.313 0.395 0.498 0.628 0.793 0.999 1.26 1.59 2.00 2.52 3.18 4.02 5.05 6.39 8.05 10.1 12.8 16.2 20.3 25.7 32.4 Cross Section (mils) 83690 66360 52620 41740 33090 26240 20820 16510 13090 10380 8230 6530 5180 4110 3260 2580 2060 1620 1290 1020 Wire Size (AWG) Dia. Mils (bare) 15.9 14.2 12.6 11.3 10.0 1.76 1.57 1.40 1.24 1.11 0.99 Dia. Mils (coated) 17.2 15.4 13.8 12.3 11.0
Ohms/ 1000 41.0 51.4 65.3 81.2 106.0 1080 1320 1660 2140 2590 3350 4210 5290 6750 8420 10600
Cross Section (mils) 79.2 64.0 50.4 39.7 31.4 25.0 20.2 16.0 12.2 9.61 7.84 6.25 4.84 4.00 3.10 2.46 1.96 1.54 1.23 0.98
Note: 2.54 10-3
Note: 2.54
1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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INDUCTANCE VARIOUS ANTENNA COILS
electric current element that flows through conductor produces magnetic field. This time-varying magnetic field capable producing flow current through another conductor this called inductance. inductance depends physical characteristics conductor. coil more inductance than straight wire same material, coil with more turns more inductance than coil with fewer turns. inductance inductor defined ratio total magnetic flux linkage current through inductor:
Inductance Straight Wound Wire
inductance straight wound wire shown Figure given
EQUATION
0.002l where: length radius wire respectively.
EXAMPLE EQUATION
where: number turns current magnetic flux (Henry)
INDUCTANCE CALCULATION STRAIGHT WIRE:
inductance wire with feet (304.8cm) long diameter calculated follows:
EQUATION
0.002 304.8 304.8 0.60967 7.965 4.855
coil with multiple turns, inductance greater spacing between turns becomes smaller. Therefore, antenna coil that formed limited space often needs multilayer winding reduce number turns.
Calculation Inductance
Inductance coil calculated many different ways. Some readily available from references[1-4]. must remembered that coils actual resulting inductance differ from calculated true result because distributed capacitance. that reason, inductance calculations generally used only starting point final design.
Inductance Thin Film Inductor with Rectangular Cross Section
Inductance conductor with rectangular cross section shown Figure calculated
FIGURE
STRAIGHT THIN FILM INDUCTOR
EQUATION
0.002l 0.50049 where: width thickness length conductor
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AN710
Inductance Circular Coil with Single Turn
inductance circular coil shown Figure calculated
Inductance N-turn Circular Coil with Multilayer FIGURE N-TURN CIRCULAR COIL WITH SINGLE LAYER
N-turns coil Center coil
FIGURE
CIRCULAR COIL WITH SINGLE TURN
EQUATION
0.01257 2.303log
Figure shows N-turn inductor circular coil with multilayer. inductance calculated
EQUATION
0.31
where: mean radius loop (cm) diameter wire (cm) where:
average radius coil number turns winding thickness winding height
Inductance N-turn Circular Coil with Single Layer
inductance circular coil with single layer calculated
EQUATION
-22.9l 25.4a where: number turns length radius coil
1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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Inductance Spiral Wound Coil with Single Layer
inductance spiral inductor calculated EQUATION
Inductance N-turn Square Loop Coil with Multilayer
Inductance multilayer square loop coil calculated
EQUATION
0.008aN 2.303log 0.2235 0.726 where: number turns side square measured center rectangular cross section winding winding length winding depth shown Figure
FIGURE
SPIRAL COIL
Note: dimensions
FIGURE
N-TURN SQUARE LOOP COIL WITH MULTILAYER
View
Cross Sectional View
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1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
AN710
Inductance Flat Square Coil
Inductance flat square coil rectangular cross section with turns calculated by[4]:
EQUATION
0.2235 0.0467aN 2.414a 0.02032aN 0.914
where: side length inches thickness inches width inches
FIGURE
SQUARE LOOP INDUCTOR WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION
formulas inductance widely published provide reasonable approximation relationship between inductance number turns given physical size[1-4]. When building prototype coils, wise exceed number calculated turns about then remove turns achieve right value. production coils, best specify inductance tolerance rather than specific number turns.
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CONFIGURATION ANTENNA CIRCUITS
Reader Antenna Circuits
inductance reader antenna coil 13.56 typically range microhenries (µH). antenna formed aircore ferrite core inductors. antenna also formed metallic conductive trace board flexible substrate. reader antenna made either single coil, that typically forming series parallel resonant circuit, double loop (transformer) antenna coil. Figure shows various configurations reader antenna circuit. coil circuit must tuned operating frequency maximize power efficiency. tuned resonant circuit same bandpass filter that passes only selected frequency. tuned circuit related both read range bandwidth circuit. More this subject will discussed following section. Choosing size type antenna circuit depends system design topology. series resonant circuit results minimum impedance resonance frequency. Therefore, draws maximum current resonance frequency. Because simple circuit topology relatively cost, this type antenna circuit suitable proximity reader antenna. other hand, parallel resonant circuit results maximum impedance resonance frequency. Therefore, maximum voltage available resonance frequency. Although minimum resonant current, still strong circulating current that proportional circuit. double loop antenna coil that formed parallel antenna circuits also used. frequency tolerance carrier frequency output power level from read antenna regulated government regulations (e.g., USA). limits 13.56 frequency band follows: Tolerance carrier frequency: 13.56 0.01% 1.356 kHz. Frequency bandwidth: kHz. Power level fundamental frequency: mv/m meters from transmitter. Power level harmonics: -50.45 down from fundamental signal.
transmission circuit including antenna coil must designed meet limits.
FIGURE
VARIOUS READER ANTENNA CIRCUITS
Series Resonant Circuit
Parallel Resonant Circuit
(secondary coil)
(primary coil)
reader electronics Transformer Loop Antenna
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AN710
Antenna Circuits
MCRF355 device communicates data tuning detuning antenna circuit (see AN707). Figure shows examples external circuit arrangement. external circuit must tuned resonant frequency reader antenna. detuned condition, circuit element between antenna pads shorted. frequency difference (delta frequency) between tuned detuned frequencies must adjusted properly optimum operation. been found that maximum modulation index maximum read range occur when tuned detuned frequencies separated MHz. tuned frequency formed from circuit elements between antenna pads without shorting antenna pad. detuned frequency found when antenna shorted. This detuned frequency calculated from circuit between antenna pads excluding circuit element between antenna pads. Figure (a), tuned resonant frequency detuned frequency
EQUATION
detuned this case, fdetuned higher than tuned Figure 13(b) shows another example external circuit arrangement. This configuration controls tuned detuned frequencies. tuned untuned frequencies
EQUATION
tuned
EQUATION
detuned typical inductance coil about microhenry with turns. Once inductance determined, resonant capacitance calculated from above equations. example, coil inductance then needs capacitance resonate 13.56 MHz.
EQUATION
where: Total inductance between antenna pads inductance between antenna antenna pads inductance between ant. pads mutual inductance between coil coil
coupling coefficient between coils tuning capacitance
1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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CONSIDERATION QUALITY FACTOR BANDWIDTH TUNING CIRCUIT
voltage across coil product quality factor circuit input voltage. Therefore, given input voltage signal, coil voltage directly proportional circuit. general, higher results longer read range. However, also related bandwidth circuit shown following equation.
EQUATION
FIGURE
VARIOUS EXTERNAL CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS
MCRF355
Ant.
detuned tuned
where:
Ant.
mutual inductance coupling coefficient inductors
inductors capacitor MCRF355 Ant.
Ant. capacitors inductor
tuned detuned
MCRF360
Ant.
tuned detuned
Ant.
inductors with internal capacitor
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AN710
Bandwidth requirement limit circuit MCRF355
Since MCRF355 operates with data rate kHz, reader antenna circuit needs bandwidth least twice data rate. Therefore, needs:
RESONANT CIRCUITS
Once frequency inductance coil determined, resonant capacitance calculated from:
EQUATION
minimum Assuming circuit turned 13.56 MHz, maximum attainable obtained from Equations
EQUATION
practical applications, parasitic (distributed) capacitance present between turns. parasitic capacitance typical antenna coil (pF). This parasitic capacitance increases with operating frequency device. There different resonant circuits: parallel series. parallel resonant circuit maximum impedance resonance frequency. minimum current maximum voltage resonance frequency. Although current circuit minimum resonant frequency, there circulation current that proportional circuit. parallel resonant circuit used both high-power reader antenna circuit. other hand, series resonant circuit minimum impedance resonance frequency. result, maximum current available circuit. Because simplicity availability high current into antenna element, series resonant circuit often used simple proximity reader.
EQUATION
96.8 practical resonant circuit, range 13.56 band about However, significantly increased with ferrite core inductor. system designer must consider above limits optimum operation.
Parallel Resonant Circuit
Figure shows simple parallel resonant circuit. total impedance circuit given
EQUATION
where angular frequency given maximum impedance occurs when denominator above equation minimized. This condition occurs when:
EQUATION
This called resonance condition, resonance frequency given
EQUATION
1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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applying Equation into Equation impedance resonance frequency becomes: applying Equation Equation into Equation parallel resonant circuit
EQUATION
where load resistance.
EQUATION
parallel resonant circuit proportional load resistance also ratio capacitance inductance circuit. When this parallel resonant circuit used antenna circuit, voltage drop across circuit obtained combining Equations
FIGURE
PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT
EQUATION
NQSB
parallel resonant circuit determine bandwidth, circuit. above equation indicates that induced voltage coil inversely proportional square root coil inductance, proportional number turns surface area coil.
EQUATION
-2RC
quality factor, defined various ways such
Series Resonant Circuit
simple series resonant circuit shown Figure expression impedance circuit
EQUATION
Energy Stored System Cycle -Energy Dissipated System Cycle reac -resis
EQUATION
where:
ohmic resistance coil capacitor reactance coil capacitor, respectively, such that:
inductance
capacitance
EQUATION
EQUATION
where:
angular frequency resonant frequency bandwidth ohmic losses
impedance Equation becomes minimized when reactance component cancelled each other such that This called resonance condition. resonance frequency same parallel resonant frequency given Equation
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1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
AN710
FIGURE SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT
When circuit tuned resonant frequency such voltage across coil becomes: EQUATION jQVin above equation indicates that coil voltage product input voltage circuit. example, circuit with have coil voltage that times higher than input signal. This because energy input signal spectrum becomes squeezed into single frequency band.
13.56
half power frequency bandwidth determined given
EQUATION
EXAMPLE
CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
ohmic resistance then values 13.56 resonant circuit with are:
quality factor, series resonant circuit given series circuit forms voltage divider, voltage drops coil given
EQUATION
2.347 13.56MHz
58.7 (pF) 2fXL 13.56
EQUATION
1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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TUNING METHOD
circuit must tuned resonance frequency maximum performance (read range) device. examples tuning circuit follows: Voltage Measurement Method: voltage signal source resonance frequency. Connect voltage signal source across resonant circuit. Connect Oscilloscope across resonant circuit. Tune capacitor coil while observing signal amplitude Oscilloscope. Stop tuning maximum voltage. S-parameter Impedance Measurement Method using Network Analyzer: S-Parameter Test (Network Analyzer) measurement, calibration. Measure resonant circuit. Reflection impedance reflection admittance measured instead S11. Tune capacitor coil until maximum null (S11) occurs resonance frequency, impedance measurement, maximum peak will occur parallel resonant circuit, minimum peak series resonant circuit.
FIGURE
VOLTAGE FREQUENCY RESONANT CIRCUIT
FIGURE
FREQUENCY RESPONSES RESONANT CIRCUIT
Note Response, Impedance Response Parallel Resonant Circuit, Impedance Response Series Resonant Circuit. (a), null resonance frequency represents minimum input reflection resonance frequency. This means circuit absorbs signal frequency while other frequencies reflected back. (b), impedance curve peak resonance frequency. This because parallel resonant circuit maximum impedance resonance frequency. shows response series resonant circuit. Since series resonant circuit minimum impedance resonance frequency, minimum peak occurs resonance frequency.
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1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
AN710
READ RANGE RFID DEVICES
Read range defined maximum communication distance between reader tag. general, read range passive RFID products varies, depending system configuration affected following parameters: Operating frequency performance antenna coils antenna tuning circuit Antenna orientation Excitation current Sensitivity receiver Coding modulation) decoding demodulation) algorithm Number data bits detection (interpretation) algorithm Condition operating environment (electrical noise), etc. read range 13.56 relatively longer than that device. This because antenna efficiency increases frequency increases. With given operating frequency, conditions related antenna configuration tuning circuit. conditions determined circuit topology reader. condition communication protocol device, related firmware software program data detection. Assuming device operating under given condition, read range device largely affected performance antenna coil. always true that longer read range expected with larger size antenna with proper antenna design. Figures show typical examples read range various passive RFID devices.
FIGURE
READ RANGE SIZE TYPICAL PROXIMITY APPLICATIONS*
0.5-inch diameter
1-inch diameter
inche
inch Reader Antenna
inches
2-inch diameter
2-inch 3.5-inch" (Credit Card Type)
FIGURE
READ RANGE SIZE TYPICAL LONG RANGE APPLICATIONS*
0.5-inch diameter
1-inch diameter
inches
inch Long Range Reader
2-inch diameter inches
inch
2-inch" 3.5-inch (Credit Card Type)
Note:
Actual results shorter longer than range shown, depending upon factors discussed above.
1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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REFERENCES
Welsby, Theory Design Inductance Coils, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1960. Frederick Grover, Inductance Calculations Working Formulas Tables, Dover Publications, Inc., York, NY., 1946. Keith Henry, Editor, Radio Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, York, NY., 1963. James Hardy, High Frequency Circuit Design, Reston Publishing Company, Inc.Reston, Virginia, 1975.
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1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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Microchip received QS-9000 quality system certification worldwide headquarters, design wafer fabrication facilities Chandler Tempe, Arizona July 1999. Company's quality system processes procedures QS-9000 compliant PICmicro® 8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ® code hopping devices, Serial EEPROMs microperipheral products. addition, Microchip's quality system design manufacture development systems 9001 certified.
rights reserved. 1999 Microchip Technology Incorporated. Printed USA. 11/99
Printed recycled paper.
Information contained this publication regarding device applications like intended suggestion only superseded updates. representation warranty given liability assumed Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect accuracy such information, infringement patents other intellectual property rights arising from such otherwise. Microchip's products critical components life support systems authorized except with express written approval Microchip. licenses conveyed, implicitly otherwise, under intellectual property rights. Microchip logo name registered trademarks Microchip Technology Inc. U.S.A. other countries. rights reserved. other trademarks mentioned herein property their respective companies.
1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
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