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Designing with 2.5-V Devices
July 1999, ver. 1.01
Introduction
improve performance reduce costs, Altera introduced devices fabricated advanced process that requires 2.5-V power supply. Although 2.5-V devices programmable logic industry, they well established microprocessor memory industries. high-performance APEX20K FLEX® 10KE devices accommodate designs that require increased performance density, while using half power consumption 3.3-V devices. MAX® 7000B devices offer industry's first 2.5-V product-term-based devices with unprecedented pin-to-pin delays fast Many customers 5.0and 3.3-V board designs. take advantage low-voltage designs, voltage regulator required lower voltage supply level Several companies such Linear Technology Corporation, Maxim Integrated Products, National Semiconductor Corporation produce voltage regulators low-voltage devices. This application note provides guidelines developing boards using Linear Technology's voltage regulators, covers following topics:
Advantages 2.5-V devices Power sequencing hot-socketing FLEX 10KE devices Using MultiVoltI/O pins Voltage regulators Linear voltage regulators Switching voltage regulators Voltage regulator specifications terminology Selecting voltage regulators 2.5-V regulator circuits 2.5-V regulator application examples Board layout
Advantages 2.5-V Devices
2.5-V APEX 20K, FLEX 10KE, 7000B devices have following advantages:
improved performance over 3.3-V FLEX devices faster propagation delays 7000B devices lower power consumption than 3.3-V devices Improved performance Reduced cost Lower operating temperatures
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A-AN-106-01.01
106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Improved reliability over older devices Less need fans other temperature-control elements
2.5-V FLEX 10KE devices consume approximately less power than 3.3-V FLEX 10KE devices. illustrate this fact, compare EPF10K100B EPF10K100A devices. Using following equation, determine power consumption (PACTIVE) both devices. This comparison assumes that both devices same design. PACTIVE fMAX togLC Because fMAX, togLC constant, power consumption difference lies change value supply level. Table shows that EPF10K100B device uses 49.6% less power than EPF10K100A device.
Table Power Savings Example
Device
EPF10K100B EPF10K100A
Value
47.5 95.7
Power Savings
49.6%
Power Sequencing Hot-Socketing FLEX 10KE Devices
Because 2.5-V FLEX 10KE (including EPF10K100B) devices used multi-voltage environment, they have been designed specifically tolerate possible power-up sequence. Therefore, VCCIO (I/O supply voltage) VCCINT (internal logic supply) power planes powered order. Boards with these devices support hot-socketing, thus inserted into live back plane. User configuration pins driven before during power without causing contention because device's pins tri-stated. Specifically, 2.5-V, 3.3-V, 5.0-V input signals drive these devices before VCCINT VCCIO applied with special precautions required. more information, Application Note (Using Altera Devices Multiple Voltage Systems). FLEX 10KE devices require 2.5-V core (VCCINT) 3.3-V 2.5-V supply voltage level (VCCIO). pins, including dedicated inputs, clock, I/O, JTAG pins, 5.0-V tolerant before after VCCINT VCCIO powered.
Using MultiVolt Pins
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
When VCCIO connected output compatible with 2.5-V logic levels. output pins made 3.3-V 5.0-V compatible using open-drain outputs pulled with external resistors. When VCCIO connected 3.3-V power supply, output compatible with 3.3-V CMOS 3.3-V 5.0-V logic levels. output pins made 5.0-V CMOS compatible configuring output pins open-drain outputs pulling them 5.0-V with external resistors.
Figure FLEX 10KE Devices Interface with 3.3-V 5.0-V Devices
5.0-V Device
5.0-V 5.0-V CMOS
FLEX 10KE Device VCCINT VCCIO
3.3-V 3.3-V CMOS
3.3-V Device
Figure shows that FLEX 10KE devices interface with 3.3-V 5.0-V devices while operating 2.5-V core voltage increase performance save power.
Voltage Regulators
This section discusses generate 2.5-V supply from another system supply. Supplying power 2.5-V core and/or pins requires 5.0-V 3.3-V 2.5-V voltage regulator. 2.5-V supply either linear switching voltage regulator. linear regulator preferred low-power applications because minimizes device count acceptable efficiency most applications. When high efficiency required, Altera recommends using switching voltage regulator. Switching regulators ideal high-power applications because their high efficiency. following information help decide which regulator your system, implement regulator your design.
Linear Voltage Regulators
Linear voltage regulators generate regulated output from higher magnitude input voltage using current pass elements linear mode. Linear regulators available topologies: using series pass element second using shunt element like zener diode. Shunt regulators very inefficient, that reason Altera recommends using series linear regulators.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Series linear regulators (see Figure regulate output voltage using series pass element (i.e., bipolar transistor MOSFET) controlled feedback error amplifier, which compares output reference voltage. error amplifier drives transistor further continuously control flow current needed sustain steady voltage level across load.
Figure Series Linear Regulator
VOUT
Error Amplifier
Reference
Table shows advantages disadvantages linear regulators.
Table Linear Regulator Advantages Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Requires supporting Less efficient (typically 75%) components Higher power dissipation cost Greater heat sink requirements Requires less board space Quick transient response Better noise drift characteristics electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation from switching components Tighter regulation
improve efficiency linear regulators minimize difference between input output voltages. dropout voltage minimum allowable difference between regulator's input output voltage. This application note focuses dropout voltage (LDO) linear regulators.
Altera Corporation
106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Linear regulators available with fixed, variable, single, multiple outputs. Linear Technology makes multiple-output regulators that generate both 3.3-V 2.5-V levels from 5.0-V supply. only 5.0-V supply available board, multiple-output regulators useful. 2.5-V supplies power core logic 3.3-V supply required interface with 3.3-V 5.0-V devices. Fixed-output regulators have fewer supporting components, reducing board space cost. Figure shows example three-terminal, fixed-output linear regulator.
Figure Three-Terminal, Fixed-Output Linear Regulator
Linear Regulator
Adjustable-output regulators contain voltage divider network that controls regulator's output. Figure shows three-terminal linear regulator also used adjustable-output configuration.
Figure Adjustable-Output Linear Regulator
Linear Regulator IADJ VOUT [VREF R2/R1)] [IADJ VREF VOUT
Switching Voltage Regulators
When designed properly, step-down switching regulators provide 3.3-V 2.5-V conversion efficiencies high 95%. Keys high efficiency include minimizing quiescent current, using resistance power MOSFET switch, and, higher current applications, using synchronous switch reduce diode losses. continuous operation, duty cycle 3.3-V 2.5-V switching regulator 75%, which means that switch each cycle remaining 25%.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Switching regulators supply power pulsing output voltage current load. Table shows advantages disadvantages switching regulators. more information switching regulators, refer Application Note (Step-Down Switching Regulators) from Linear Technology.
Table Switching Regulator Advantages Disadvantages
Advantages
Highly efficient (typically 80%) Reduced power dissipation Smaller heat sink requirements Wider input voltage range High power density
Disadvantages
Generates Complex design Requires more supporting components Higher cost Requires more board space
There types switching regulators: asynchronous synchronous. Asynchronous switching regulators have field effect transistor (FET) diode provide current path while (see Figure
Figure Asynchronous Switching Regulator
Switch Node
VOUT
High-Frequency Circulating Path
LOAD
Synchronous switching regulators have voltage- current-controlled oscillator that controls time MOSFET devices that supply current circuit (see Figure
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Figure Voltage-Controlled Synchronous Switching Regulator
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
VOUT
Voltage Regulator Specifications Terminology
Table shows terminology specifications commonly encountered with voltage regulators. Symbols shown parentheses. symbols different linear switching regulators, linear regulator symbol listed first.
Table Voltage Regulator Specifications Terminology (Part
Specification/Terminology
Input Voltage Range (VIN, VCC) Line Regulation (Line Regulation, VOUT)
Description
Minimum maximum input voltages define input voltage range, which determined integrated circuit (IC) process voltage capabilities. Line regulation variation output voltage with changes input voltage. Error amplifier gain, pass transistor gain, output impedance influence line regulation. Higher gain results better regulation. Board layout pin-outs also important because stray resistances introduce errors. Load regulation variation output voltage caused changes input supply current. Linear Technology regulators designed minimize load regulation, which affected error amplifier gain, pass transistor gain, output impedance. Output voltage selection adjustable resistor voltage divider networks connected error amplifier input that control output voltage. There multiple output regulators that create 5.0-V, 3.3-V, 2.5-V supplies. Quiescent current supply current during no-load "quiescent" state. This current sometimes used general term supply current used
Load Regulation (Load Regulation, VOUT)
Output Voltage Selection
Quiescent Current
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Table Voltage Regulator Specifications Terminology (Part
Specification/Terminology
Dropout Voltage
Description
Dropout voltage difference between input output voltages when input enough cause output drop regulation. dropout voltage should possible better efficiency obtain regulation from Voltage regulators designed limit amount output current event failing load. short load causes current voltage output voltage decrease. This event cuts power dissipation during short circuit. This feature limits power dissipation regulator overheats. When specified temperature reached, turns output drive transistors, allowing regulator cool. Normal operation resumes once regulator reaches normal operating temperature. input power supply fails, large output capacitors cause substantial reverse current flow backwards through potentially causing damage. prevent damage, protection diodes create path current flow from VOUT VIN. dominant pole placed output capacitor influences stability. Voltage regulator vendors assist output capacitor selection regulator designs that differ from what offered.
Current Limiting
Thermal Overload Protection
Reverse Current Protection
Stability
Minimum Load Requirements minimum load from voltage divider network required good regulation, which also serves ground current path.
Maximum Output Current
Select external MOSFET switching transistor (optional) based maximum output current that supply. MOSFET with on-resistance voltage rating high enough avoid avalanche breakdown. gate-drive voltages less than logic-level MOSFET. logic-level MOSFET required only topologies with controller external MOSFET.
Voltage Divider Network
Design voltage divider network using adjustable output regulator. Follow instructions controller converter IC's data sheet adjust output voltage.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Selecting Voltage Regulators
Your choice voltage regulator dependent your design requirements. selecting voltage regulator understanding regulator parameters they relate design. following checklist assist selecting proper regulator your design:
require both 3.3-V 2.5-V output (VOUT)? What precision required regulated 2.5-V and/or 3.3-V supplies (line load regulation)? What supply voltages (VIN VCC) available board? What voltage variance (input voltage range) expected VCC? What maximum (IOUT) required your Altera device? What maximum current surge (IOUT (MAX)) that regulator will need supply instantaneously?
Choose Regulator Type
required, select either linear, asynchronous switching, synchronous switching regulator based your output current, regulator efficiency, cost, board space requirements. DC-to-DC converters have output current capabilities from higher output current applications, controller with external MOSFET, rated higher current, used.
Calculate Maximum Input Current
maximum input current-based output power requirements maximum input voltage-can estimated using following equation: Where nominal efficiency: typically switching regulators, linear 3.3-V 2.5-V conversion, linear 5.0-V 2.5-V conversion.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Once design requirements have been identified, select voltage regulator that best your design. Table lists Linear Technology regulators time this document printed. Contact Linear Technology availability. Figure compares Linear Technology output voltage regulators with regard output current, efficiency, board space, component, cost requirements.
Table Linear Technology 2.5-V Output Voltage Regulators
Voltage Regulator
LT1573 LT1580CT LT1584 LT1585A LT1587 LTC1143L LTC1265 LTC1624 LTC1649 Note:
Requires 3.3-V supply power regulator current (0.2 5.0-V supply bias transistors.
Regulator Type
Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Switching Switching Switching Switching
Total Number Components
5.0,
IOUT
Special Features
Uses fewest devices Inexpensive solution Dual 3.3-V/2.5-V output Selectable output
Figure 2.5-V Voltage Regulators
LTC1649 LTC1580CT
LT1585A LT1587 LTC1624 LT1573 LTC1265
Output Current (Amps)
Linear Technology Regulators Increased Efficiency Required Board Space Fewer Components Lower Cost
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
2.5-V Regulator Circuits
more information Linear Technology regulators, contact Linear Technology directly http://www.linear.com call them (408) 432-1900. This section contains circuit diagrams voltage regulators discussed this application note. LT1573 linear voltage regulator converts with maximum output current (see Figure increase output current selecting transistor (QOUT) with higher current rating. more information LT1573 linear voltage regulator, contact Linear Technology.
Figure LT1573: 3.3-V 2.5-V/2-A Linear Voltage Regulator
LT1573 LATCH CTIME SHDN COUT1 COMP VOUT QOUT Motorola D45H11 COUT2
Notes (1),
DRIVE
VOUT LOAD
Notes:
surface-mount tantalium capacitor. COUT1 surface-mount ceramic capacitor. COUT2 surface-mount tantalium capacitor. CTIME time-out room temperature. SHDN (active high) should tied ground used.
Figure shows one-chip fixed-output 2.5-V linear voltage regulator rated 3.3-V power supply main source current regulator. current 5.0-V supply used bias internal power transistors.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Figure LT1580-2.5: 3.3-V 2.5-V/7-A Linear Voltage Regulator
OS-CON LT1580-2.5 TANT VPOWER VOUT TANT VOUT
VCONTROL
SENSE
Adjustable 5.0-V 2.5-V regulators (shown Figures through cover range low-cost, low-device, board-space efficient solutions.
Figure LT1584: 5.0-V 2.5-V/7-A Linear Voltage Regulator
LT1584 IADJ VOUT [VREF R2/R1)] [IADJ VREF 1.25 VOUT
Figure LT1585A: 5.0-V 2.5-V/4.6-A Linear Voltage Regulator
LT1585A IADJ VOUT [VREF R2/R1)] VREF 1.25 VOUT
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Figure LT1587: 5.0-V 2.5-V/3-A Linear Voltage Regulator
LT1587 IADJ VOUT [VREF R2/R1)] [IADJ VREF 1.25 VOUT
High-efficiency switching regulators shown Figures output voltage controlled selectable resistor network. resistor values have been selected 2.5-V output operation.
Figure LTC1265: 5.0-V 2.5-V/1-A Asynchronous Switching Regulator
LTC1265
1000pF
0.1µF
LBOUT LBIN
PGND SGND SHUTDOWN (VFB)
SHDN
COUT
RSENSE
SENSE
SENSE
VOUT Output Divider Required With Adjustable Version Only
1000pF
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Figure LTC1624: 5.0-V 2.5-V/2-A Asynchronous Switching Regulator
SENSE 1000pF BOOST Si4412DY 0.1µF MBRS340T3 10µH 2.5V 100µF SENSE 0.05 22µF
/RUN 470pF 6.8k 100pF
LTC1624
Figure shows synchronous switching controller with external MOSFETs used high-current applications.
Figure Synchronous Switching 2.5-V/15-A Regulator
MBR0530 IRF7801 Parallel
3,300 LEXT VOUT EPF10K250E
PVCC1 PVCC2 IMAX LTC1649
CPOUT
IRF7801
12.4k
SHUTDOWN
SHDN COMP
7.5k
12.7k
COUT 4,400
MBR0530
0.33
0.01
Figure shows high-efficiency dual-output switching regulator used generate 3.3-V 2.5-V supply.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Figure High Efficiency Dual Output 3.3-V/2.5-V Regulator
CIN1 22µF RSENSE1 0.05 VOUT1 3.3V/2A 1000pF COUT1 220µF 82.5k MBRS320T3 100pF SENSE L1(1) 27µH 0.22µF VIN1 P-DRIVE VIN2 P-DRIVE SENSE LTC1143L-ADJ SENSE
0.22µF 1000pF MBRS320T3 100pF 49.9k
CIN2 22µF
RSENSE2 0.05 27µH VOUT2 2.5V/2A COUT2 220µF
SENSE+
VFB1 GND1 ITH1 ITH2
VFB2 GND2
49.9k
49.9k
300pF 3300pF 3300pF
300pF
Notes:
refer Sumida CDRH125-270. refers Siliconix Si4953DY/Fairchild NDS8947. RSENSE1 RSENSE2 refer Dale WSL-2010-.05.
require further assistance using voltage regulators discussed this application note, contact Linear Technology.
2.5-V Regulator Application Examples
following sections show process used select voltage regulator three sample designs.
3.3-V 2.5-V Linear Regulator Example
This example shows simplest solution available market today converting Table shows design requirements EPF10K30EQC208 needed select regulator. Figure uses checklist page select voltage regulator EPF10K30EQC208 device.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Table Design Requirements Example EPF10K30EQC208 Design
Design Requirement
Output voltage precision requirement Supply voltages available board Voltage supply output current Variance board supply (VIN) fMAX Output pins Average togIO Instantaneous togIO Average togLC Instantaneous togLC Utilization VCCIO supply level VCCINT supply level Efficiency
Value
12.5% 12.5% 100% major requirement
Figure worksheet used estimate design requirements EPF10K30EQC208 design.
Figure Voltage Regulator Selection Process EPF10K30EQC208 Design
Output voltage requirements Supply voltages Supply variance from Linear Technology data sheet Average output current Application Note (Evaluating Power Altera Devices) Maximum instantaneous output current Application Note (Evaluating Power Altera Devices) (Use instantaneous values togLC togIO) Voltage regulator selection Linear Technology 1573 data sheet Nominal efficiency Line load regulation Line regulation load regulation (4mV 30mV)/ 100% Minimum input voltage (VIN(MIN)) (VIN(MIN)) VIN(1 VIN) 3.3V(1 .05) Maximum input current IIN, DC(MAX) (VOUT IOUT(MAX))/( VIN(MIN)) IIN, DC(MAX) 1.05 (VIN(MIN)) 3.135 Nominal efficiency Line Load Regulation VOUT Supply variance Output current IOUT
(IOUT(MAX))
LT1573 1.4%
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Synchronous Switching Regulator Example
This design example displays worst-case scenario power consumption. Table shows design requirements 2.5-V design using EPF10K250E device. These requirements unique this design.
Table Design Requirements Example EPF10K250EBC672 Design
Design Requirement
Output voltage precision requirement Supply voltages available board Voltage supply output current available this section Board supply variance (VIN) fMAX Output pins Average togIO Instantaneous togIO Average togLC Instantaneous togLC Utilization VCCIO supply level VCCINT supply level Efficiency
Value
12.5% 12.5% 100%
Figure uses checklist page help select appropriate voltage regulator.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Figure Voltage Regulator Selection Process EPF10K250EBC672 Design
Output voltage requirements Supply voltages Supply variance from Linear Technology data sheet Average output current Application Note (Evaluating Power Altera Devices) Maximum instantaneous output current Application Note (Evaluating Power Altera Devices) (Use instantaneous values togLC togIO) Voltage regulator selection Linear Technology 1649 data sheet Nominal efficiency Line load regulation Line regulation load regulation (4mV 30mV)/ 100% Minimum input voltage (VIN(MIN)) (VIN(MIN)) VIN(1 VIN) 3.3V(1 .05) Maximum input current IIN, DC(MAX) (VOUT IOUT(MAX))/( VIN(MIN)) IIN, DC(MAX) 4.43 (VIN(MIN)) 3.135 Nominal efficiency Line Load Regulation VOUT Supply variance Output current IOUT
(IOUT(MAX))
LTC1649 1.4%
Dual Output Regulator Example
Table shows design requirements typical 2.5-V customer design using EPF10K30E device, which smallest FLEX 10KE device. These design requirements unique this example design.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Table Design Requirements Example EPF10K30EQC208 Design
Design Requirement
Output voltage precision requirement Supply voltages available board Voltage supply output current available this section Variance board supply (VIN) fMAX Output pins Average togIO Instantaneous togIO Average togLC Instantaneous togLC utilization VCCIO supply level VCCINT supply level Efficiency
Value
12.5% 12.5% 100% major requirement
Figure uses checklist page estimate design requirements EPF10K30EQC208 device.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Figure Voltage Regulator Selection Process EPF10K30EQC208 Design
Output voltage requirements Supply voltages Supply variance from Linear Technology data sheet Average output current Application Note (Evaluating Power Altera Devices) Maximum instantaneous output current Application Note (Evaluating Power Altera Devices) (Use instantaneous values togLC togIO) Voltage regulator selection Linear Technology 1573 data sheet Nominal efficiency Line load regulation Line regulation load regulation (4mV 30mV)/ 100% Minimum input voltage (VIN(MIN)) (VIN(MIN)) VIN(1 VIN) 3.3V(1 .05) Maximum input current IIN, DC(MAX) (VOUT IOUT(MAX))/( VIN(MIN)) IIN, DC(MAX) (VIN(MIN)) 4.75 Nominal efficiency Line Load Regulation VOUT Supply variance Output current IOUT
(IOUT(MAX))
LTC1143 1.4%
Board Layout
Printed circuit board (PCB) layout extremely important highfrequency kHz) switching regulator designs. Poor layout results increased ground bounce, which affects reliability voltage regulator obscuring important voltage current feedback signals. Altera recommends using Gerber files-pre-designed layouts-supplied regulator vendor your board layout. supplied layouts cannot used, contact Altera Applications regulator vendor help re-designing board your design requirements, while maintaining proper functionality. Altera recommends that separate layers applicable) signals, ground plane, 2.5-V plane, 3.3-V plane, 5.0-V plane. support separate layers using six-layer PCBs, assuming using signal layers. Six-layer boards inexpensive easy manufacture. Figure shows minimize board space using single regulator generate 3.3-V 2.5-V supplies from 5.0-V power supply.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Figure Single Regulator Solution Systems that Require 5.0-V, 3.3-V 2.5-V Supply Levels
Regulator
same regulator laid-out using split-plane method (see Figure 21). This layout saves plane combining 5.0-V 2.5-V plane. layout this method structured follows:
3.3-V plane, covering entire board plane split between
This technique assumes that majority devices Other regulators possible. support MultiVolt I/O, Altera devices must have access 2.5-V 3.3-V planes.
Figure Split Board Layout 3.3-V Systems With 5.0-V 2.5-V Devices
3.3-V Devices
Regulator
5.0-V Devices
2.5-V Devices
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Conclusion
accommodate designs with increased performance density, high-performance FLEX 10KE devices built advanced, 0.25-µm process while benefiting from half power consumption 0.35-µm devices. 7000B family will offer industry's first 2.5-V product-term-based devices with pin-to-pin delays fast APEX devices combine look-up table (LUT), product term (PTERM), based architectures offer densities million gates. FLEX 10KE 7000B devices offer improved performance, reduced cost, lower operating temperatures, increased reliabilty, less power consumption over 3.3-V devices.
References
Linear Technology Corporation. Application Note (Step-Down Switching Regulators) Milpitas: Linear Technology Corporation, 1989. Linear Technology Corporation. LT1573 Data Sheet (Low Dropout Regulator Driver). Milpitas: Linear Technology Corporation, 1997. Linear Technology Corporation. LT1580/LT1580-2.5 Data Sheet Very Dropout Regulator Driver). Milpitas: Linear Technology Corporation, 1995. Linear Technology Corporation. LT1585A/LT1585A-3.3 Data Sheet Dropout Fast Response Positive Regulators Adjustable Fixed). Milpitas: Linear Technology Corporation, 1995. Linear Technology Corporation. LT1584/LT1585/LT1587 Data Sheet Dropout Fast Response Positive Regulators Adjustable Fixed). Milpitas: Linear Technology Corporation, 1995. Linear Technology Corporation. LTC1143/LTC1143L/LTC1143-ADJ Data Sheet (Dual High Efficiency SO-16 Step-Down Switching Regulator Controllers). Milpitas: Linear Technology Corporation, 1994. Linear Technology Corporation. LTC1265/LTC1265-3.3/LTC1265-5 Data Sheet (1.2 High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter). Milpitas: Linear Technology Corporation, 1995. Linear Technology Corporation. LTC1624 Data Sheet (High Efficiency SO-8 N-Channel Switching Regulator Controller). Milpitas: Linear Technology Corporation, 1997. Linear Technology Corporation. LTC1649 Data Sheet (3.3 Input High Power Step-Down Switching Regulator Controller). Milpitas: Linear Technology Corporation, 1998.
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Revision History
information contained (Designing with 2.5-V Devices) version 1.01 supersedes information published previous versions. Version 1.01 contains updates Figures
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106: Designing with 2.5-V Devices
Innovation Drive Jose, 95134 (408) 544-7000 http://www.altera.com Applications Hotline: (800) 800-EPLD Customer Marketing: (408) 544-7104 Literature Services: (888) 3-ALTERA lit_req@altera.com
Altera, APEX, FLEX, MAX, FLEX 10K, FLEX 10KE, 7000B, MultiVolt, EPF10K30E, EPF10K100A, EPF10K100B, EPF10K250E trademarks and/or service marks Altera Corporation United States other countries. Altera acknowledges trademarks other organizations their respective products services mentioned this document, specificially: registered trademarks Linear Technology. Altera products protected under numerous U.S. foreign patents pending applications, maskwork rights, copyrights. Altera warrants performance semiconductor products current specifications accordance with Altera's standard warranty, reserves right make changes products services time without notice. Altera assumes responsibility liability arising application information, product, service described herein except expressly agreed writing Altera Corporation. Altera customers advised obtain latest version device specifications before relying published information before placing orders products services. Copyright 1999 Altera Corporation. rights reserved.
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July 1999, ver. 1.01 Introduction improve performance reduce

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