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AN1763 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Driving Displays Using


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AN1763
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Driving Displays Using MC68HC705L16 Microcontroller
Stellini Transportation Systems Group Design Engineering Austin, Texas
Introduction
This application note describes MC68HC705L16 microcontroller (MCU) (liquid crystal display) controller/driver. doing control drive functions performed single chip, which also provides functionality microcontroller. description voltages waveforms used drive control panel included well explanation designer MC68HC705L16 interface directly simple display. Also, source code controlling multiplexed display included this application note.
Motorola, Inc., 1998
AN1763
More Information This Product, www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note Liquid Crystal Displays
understand types waveforms that drive displays, helpful understand fundamentals about LCDs. example, liquid crystal displays composed polarizing liquid crystalline material between plates glass. Typically, plate called common backplane, other called segment frontplane. reflective panel (one that back light), voltage difference applied across electrodes will result polarization which will prevent light from reflecting back observer. This will appear dark segment therefore, considered lack voltage difference will allow light reflect back considered OFF.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Contrast
chemical nature liquid crystal material, voltages cannot used drive segments else permanent damage occur LCD. avoid this problem, voltage levels applied electrodes short period then levels reversed electrodes equal period. This waveform will produce voltage across LCD, value volts. result, material contrast specified terms voltage. typical voltage characteristic reflective display shown Figure voltage segment should greater than point where incident light reduced percent. voltage should less than point where incident light reduced percent. maximum contrast, ratio voltage should large possible. Examples calculate voltages shown later section.
AN1763 More Information This Product, www.freescale.com MOTOROLA
Application Note Liquid Crystal Displays
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
CONTRAST
VSAT VOLTAGE
Figure Typical Contrast Characteristic
Static Mode
Typically, displays made segments pixels. Segment displays usually have anywhere from segments displaying each character, while matrix displays typically have arrays pixels each character. Each these segments pixels needs driven independently order turned independently. simplest this have separate frontplane driver each segment pixel have single backplane driver entire display. This known direct drive static mode. Example waveforms frontplane backplane drivers static mode shown Figure voltage across segment difference backplane waveform frontplane waveform. Figure segment OFF, frontplane waveform backplane waveform will have same amplitude will completely phase. This causes voltage across segment volts. segment frontplane backplane waveforms will exactly phase. This will produce difference across segment equal voltage.
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
FRAME VDD, VLCD1 VLCD2, VLCD3 VDD, VLCD1 VLCD2, VLCD3 VDD, VLCD1 VLCD2, VLCD3 +VLCD -VLCD
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
F(t) BP0-FPX F(t) BP0-FPY
+VLCD -VLCD
Figure Duty Bias Timing Diagram, VLCD1 VDD, VLCD2 VLCD3 VDD-VLCD
F2(t) (BP0-FPX)
VLCD2
F2(t) (BP1-FPX)2
VLCD2
FRAME
Figure Waveform Components Calculating Voltages Since static mode only voltage levels, three pins must connected specific manner shown Figure Here VLCD1 connected VDD, resistor connected between VLCD1 VLCD2, VLCD2 VLCD3 connected directly. variable resistor connected from VLCD3 ground allow manual contrast control.
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Application Note Liquid Crystal Displays
VLCD1 VLCD2 VLCD2 VLCD2 VLCD1 VLCD1
VLCD3
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
VLCD3 RVAR
VLCD3 RVAR
RVAR
BIAS
BIAS
BIAS
Figure External Connections 1/1, 1/2, Bias voltages static waveform calculated from this formula:
function f(t) here waveform, BPX-FPY. Figure shows f2(t) voltage waveforms frame. This serves graphical illustrate voltages, which simply area under these curves. segment, voltage obviously volts. segment:
RMSON
where VLCD -VLCD2, VLCD3. This VRMSON voltage, typically, well above percent threshold, thus producing excellent contrast.
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
total number pins needed static mode drive equal number total segments display plus one. Unfortunately, size display increases, number required driver pins becomes very large. Table shows, more than 8-segment characters, number pins required becomes unreasonable. small displays, though, this type drive commonly used since produces excellent contrast.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Table Driver Pins Versus Multiplexing
Display Type 16-segment digit 7-segment digits alphanumeric characters pixel characters General case Total Segments/ Pixels 1280 Number Driver Pins Static 1281 Duty Duty Duty 1/32 Duty S/32
Multiplex Modes
reduce number drivers required, data each frontplane multiplexed control multiple segments using multiple backplanes. This done multiplexing driving voltages time. instance: each frontplane controls segments, backplanes needed. This called duplex mode. Triplex mode where each frontplane driver controls three segments three backplanes needed. Similarly, quadraplex mode each frontplane driver controlling four segments four backplane drivers.
AN1763 More Information This Product, www.freescale.com MOTOROLA
Application Note Liquid Crystal Displays
Duplex Mode
waveforms duplex mode multiplexing shown Figure first thing notice here that there three voltage levels each waveform. This known bias. Connections VLCD pins this configuration should made shown Figure Also obvious from these waveforms that there time cycles each waveform which make frame. They are:
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
When frontplanes connected segments with backplane active When frontplanes connected segments with backplane active
time cycle one, frontplane while cycle two, OFF. Frontplane both cycles. Looking waveform BP0-FPX, data produces maximum voltage swing, VLCD, during active time, cycle one. waveform BP1-FPX data which produces voltage swing during active time, cycle two.
NOTE:
Notice that when both these segments active, they have same voltage swing, VLCD/2, even though data when nonactive other data when non-active. This important because voltages waveforms should independent data during non-active cycles. Otherwise, there would multiple voltages well voltages.
Figure shows components calculating waveforms duplex mode cases. voltages calculated
RMSON -LCD 0.79
RMSOFF
0.353
VLCD volts, VRMSON 3.95 volts, VRMSOFF 1.75 volts
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
FRAME VLCD1, VLDC2 VLCD3 VLCD1, VLDC2 VLCD3 VLCD1, VLDC2 VLCD3 +VLCD +VLCD/2 -VLCD/2 -VLCD +VLCD +VLCD/2 -VLCD/2 -VLCD
(10)
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
f(t) BP0-FPX
f(t) BP1-FPX
Figure Duty Bias Timing Diagram, VLCD1 VLCD2 VDD-VLCD/2, VLCD3 VDD-VLCD
f2(t) (BP0-FPX)2
VLCD2 VLCD2/4 VLCD2 VLCD2/4 FRAME
f2(t) (BP1-FPX)2
Figure Waveform Components Calculating Voltages
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Application Note Liquid Crystal Displays
Triplex Mode
Triplex multiplexing uses four voltage levels (1/3 bias) utilizes three time cycles frame. Figure VLCD connections. Waveforms triplex (1/3 duty) shown Figure Again, notice that during active cycle, voltage swing across segment VLCD. voltage swing only VLCD/3. components calculating voltages shown Figure calculated
RMSON 0.638
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
RMSOFF
0.333
FRAME VLCD1 VLCD2 VLCD3 VLCD1 VLCD2 VLCD3 VLCD1 VLCD2 VLCD3 +VLCD +2VLCD/3 +VLCD/3 -VLCD/3 -2VLCD/3 -VLCD +VLCD +2VLCD/3 +VLCD/3 -VLCD/3 -2VLCD/3 -VLCD
f(t) BP0-FPX
f(t) BP1-FPX
Figure Duty Bias Timing Diagram, VLCD1 VDD-VLCD/3, VLCD2 VDD-2VLCD/3, VLCD3 VDD-VLCD
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
VLCD2 (BP0-FPX)2 4VLCD2/9 VLCD2/9 VLCD2 f2(t) (BP1-FPX)2 4VLCD2/9 VLCD2/9 FRAME
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Figure Waveform Components Calculating Voltages Quadruplex Mode highest multiplexing capable MC68HC705L16 quadruplex (1/4 duty). Large matrix displays require much larger multiplexing. instance, display rows pixels) needs 1/32 duty. (See Automatic Contrast Control Displays Using 68HC708LN56 Microcontroller, Motorola document order number AN1762/D, information driving this type display.) Waveforms quadruplex multiplexing shown Figure Again, bias used here. components calculating waveforms cases quadruplex muxing shown Figure voltages calculated
RMSON 0.577
RMSOFF
0.333
should obvious that amount multiplexing increases, voltages decrease. Contrast, measured ratio VRMSON/VRMSOFF, called discrimination ratio.
AN1763 More Information This Product, www.freescale.com MOTOROLA
Application Note Liquid Crystal Displays
FRAME VLCD1 VLCD2 VLCD3 VLCD1 VLCD2 VLCD3 VLCD1 VLCD2 VLCD3 +VLCD +2VLCD/3 +VLCD/3 -VLCD/3 -2VLCD/3 -VLCD +VLCD +2VLCD/3 +VLCD/3 -VLCD/3 -2VLCD/3 -VLCD
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
1001
f(t) BP0-FPX
f(t) BP1-FPX
Figure Duty Bias Timing Diagram VLCD1 VDD-VLCD/3, VLCD2 VDD-2VLCD/3, VLCD3 VDD-VLCD
VLCD2 f2(t) (BP0-FPX)2 4VLCD2/9 VLCD2/9 VLCD2 f2(t) (BP1-FPX)2 4VLCD2/9 VLCD2/9 FRAME
Figure Waveform Components Calculating Voltages
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note Sample Application
demonstrate simple MC68HC705L16 drive panel directly, simple application described which text message displayed 8-digit, 15-segment display (PlanarStandish Model 4228). display will driven duty bias. Figure shows schematic diagram circuit with connections labelled. resistor divider from used generate three voltage levels, VLCD1, VLCD2, VLCD3, waveforms. variable resistor bottom divider allows manual contrast adjustment. four backplane pins from connected four common pins panel. Since duty being used, four segments driven each frontplane driver and, therefore, frontplanes drivers needed. first frontplane pins from connected panel, while remaining seven used. These connections from panel determine mapping data registers segments panel. Each digit panel composed segments, controlled consecutive 8-bit data registers. Each data register controls frontplanes. Therefore, four frontplanes required drive each digit display. Figure shows mapping register bits segments characters display. example, letter would represented bytes: $05E4. first byte register LCDR1 would 00000101. second byte register LCDR2 would 11100100. Together, segments would create letter Figure
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
AN1763 More Information This Product, www.freescale.com MOTOROLA
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
AN1763
4.7UF TANTALUM 0.1UF 0.1UF 100K PWRTERM2
MOTOROLA
POWER
BATT_SOCKET 100K 100K IRQ2* IRQ1* RST* 10K_POT FP10 FP11 FP12 FP13 FP14 FP15 FP16 FP17 FP18 FP19 FP20 FP21 FP22 FP23 FP24 FP25 FP26 FP27 FP28 FP29 FP30 FP31 FP[0.31] 330K 32.768 20PF 20PF SW_MOMENTARY BP[0.3] BP1/PD1 BP2/PD2 BP3/PD3 VSS1 VSS2 NDLY MC68HC705L16 OSC1 OSC2 VDD1 VDD2 VLCD1 VLCD2 VLCD3 FP10 FP11 FP12 FP13 FP14 FP15 FP16 FP17 FP18 FP19 FP20 FP21 FP22 FP23 FP24 FP25 FP26 FP27/PE7 FP28/PE6 FP29/PE5 FP30/PE4 FP31/PE3 FP32/PE2 PC6/IRQ2 FP33/PE1 PC7/IRQ1 FP34/PE0 FP35/PD7 RESET FP36/PD6 FP37/PD5 XOSC1 FP38/PD4 XOSC2 DESIGN ENGINEERING Title MC68HC708L16 APPLICATION Size Document Number Date: June 1998 Sheet
APPLICATION
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 2222211111111119876543210 432109876543210
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPFFFFFFFFFF 222221111111111PPPPPPPPPP 4321098765432109876543210
FP25 FP26 FP27 FP28 FP29 FP30 FP31
FP25 FP26 FP27 FP28 FP29 FP30 FP31
More Information This Product, www.freescale.com
LCD_DISPLAY
Application Note Sample Application
Figure Schematic Diagram Sample Application
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
FP(2X-1) FP(2X-2)
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
LCDR1
FP(2X-1) LCDR2 FP(2X-2)
Figure Mapping Register Bits Display Segments
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Application Note Sample Application
FP(2X-1) FP(2X-2)
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
LCDR1
FP(2X-1) LCDR2 FP(2X-2)
Figure Example Display Letter
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
START
INITIALIZE
LOAD INITIAL MESSAGE INITIALIZE MSGCNT
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
CALL DISPLAYMSG
CALL LONGDELAY DELAY MULTIPLE SECOND DELAYS
MESSAGES SHOWN?
INCREMENT MSGCNT
MOVE MSGINDEX POINTER START NEXT MESSAGE
Figure Main Program Flow
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Application Note Sample Application
DISPLAYMSG
ADDRESS FIRST DATA REGISTER LCDREG VARIABLE
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
CLEAR COUNT
LOAD NEXT ASCII BYTE MESSAGE
CALL DISPLAYCHAR
POINT NEXT ASCII CHARACTER MESSAGE
INCREMENT COUNT
CHARACTERS MESSAGE DISPLAYED? RETURN
Figure DisplayMsg Subroutine
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
DISPLAYCHAR
CALL ASC2OFFSET
BYTE DATA FROM LOOKUP TABLE
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
BYTE DATA FROM LOOKUP TABLE
STORE TEMPORARY VARIABLE
WRITE BYTE REGISTER
WRITE BYTE REGISTER
INCREMENT LCDREG VARIABLE BYTES
RETURN
Figure DisplayChar Subroutine
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Application Note Sample Application
ASC2OFFSET
SPECIAL CHARACTER?
NUMERIC CHARACTER?
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
ALPHA CHARACTER?
INVALID CHARACTER?
CONVERT ASCII VALUE OFFSET SUBTRACTING CONSTANT
LOAD OFFSET BLANK SPACE
CONVDONE: MULTIPLY OFFSET 2-BYTE DATA
RETURN
Figure ASC2OFFSET Subroutine
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note Code Listings
LCD_DISPLAY.ASM Stellini, 06/06/98 Design Engineering Motorola Software written demonstrate direct drive display using MC68HC705L16 microcontroller. used Planar-Standish Model 4228 Multiplex 15-segment, 8-digit panel. (1/4 duty, bias) $BASE ;Default assembler number base Memory Equates RAMSPACE $0040 ;Start user ROMSPACE $1000 ;Start user RESETVEC $FFFE ;Reset vector Register Equates Registers MISC ;Miscellaneous register TBCR1 ;Time base control register LCDCR ;LCD control register LCDDR ;First data register location locations LCDE SYS0 SYS1
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
;LCD enable LCDCR ;SYS0 MISC ;SYS1 MISC
Equates MAXCHARS ;Maximum characters line NUMMSGS ;Number message lines display QTRSECS quarterseconds seconds ;End string marker (ASCII EOT)
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Application Note Code Listings
Variables RAMSPACE ;Start user TempX ;Temporary register storage TempA ;Temporary register storage TempData ;Temp storage segment data LCDReg ;8-bit address pointer Count ;Counter variable MsgIndex ;Index counter variable MsgCount ;Current message count
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Start program code ROMSPACE ;Start user EPROM Start BCLR SYS0,MISC ;Setup f_op f_osc/2 BCLR SYS1,MISC #$20 ;XOSC time base TBCR1 ;LCD clock XOSC/128 256Hz BSET LCDE,LCDCR ;Enable Initialize string initially displayed. Initial #Msg1 ;Load offset desired string MsgIndex ;Setup message index MsgCount Main loop Display each message from memory sequential order. MainLoop MsgIndex ;Start current message DisplayMsg ;Show current message LongDelay ;Delay #QTRSECS quarterseconds MsgCount #NUMMSGS Initial MsgCount MsgIndex #MAXCHARS MsgIndex MainLoop ;Get current count ;Check through messages ;Start with Msg1 again ;Next message ;Get current message index ;Move index next message ;Store message index ;Repeat
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
SUBROUTINES Show current string portion display. When called, register contains index offset. DisplayMsg #LCDDR ;First data register LCDReg ;LCDReg First data register Count ;Clear counter variable NextByte Msgs,X ;Load ASCII byte string DsplayChar ;Display character INCX ;Increment index Count ;Increment counter Count ;Check counter #MAXCHARS ;for display length Done ;End display line reached NextByte ;Ready next byte Done ;Return DsplayChar converts ASCII character value Register offset into character table. bytes offset location table define segment values displaying character display. Then offset into data table bytes position, store them appropriate data registers. DsplayChar TempX ;Save register ASC2Offset ;Convert ASCII byte into table offset ;Put offset into Table+1,X ;Get second data byte TempData ;Store temporarily Table,X ;Load with first data byte LCDReg ;Point current data register ;Store first byte data register TempData ;Load with second data byte ;Store second data register LCDReg ;Increment LCDreg pointer LCDReg ;point next position's regs. TempX ;Restore register ;Return
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
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Application Note Code Listings
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Convert ASCII character byte offset value into table segment values. software also checks invalid unusable ASCII character value, shows blank space place. Valid ASCII values (decimal): 32-47, 48-57, 65-90 ASC2Offset #!48 ;Check "special" character Special #!65 ;Check numeric character Numeric Alpha #!90 ;Check invalid value ConvError #!39 ;Convert table offset ConvDone Special #!32 ;Check invalid value ConvError #!32 ;Convert table offset ConvDone Numeric #!57 ;Check invalid value ConvError #!32 ;Convert table offset ConvDone ConvError CLRA ;Invalid value shows blank space ConvDone ROLA ;Multiply offset bytes data position) BlankSpace shows space ($0000) current display position's data registers. BlankSpace LCDReg ;Point current data register ;Clear first data byte ;Clear second data byte LCDReg ;Increment LCDreg pointer LCDReg ;point next position's regs. ;Return Delay number quarterseconds QTRSEC LongDelay CLRX Delayloop #!250 ;Load accumulator with delay Delay ;Jump delay subroutine INCX #QTRSECS Finish Delayloop Finish ;Return
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
Delay time Accumulator*1ms (fop 1MHz) Accumulator contains number delays desired Delay #$00 ;Check remaining delays DDone ;Done? MsDelay MsLoop DECA DECA TempA #$5A #$00 MsDone MsLoop TEMPA ;Decrement count ;Repeat ;Return
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MsDone
Delay
DDone
Constants Messages Each individual message identified offset into base address labelled Msgs. This limits user bits offset (255 characters worth. more than characters desired messages, some 2-byte variable which contain multiple base addresses. Valid characters 0-9, (UPPERCASE ONLY!), certain special characters defined table valid. Msgs ;Base address messages Msg1 *-Msgs ;First message offset "THE Msg2 *-Msgs ;Second message offset "DRIVES Msg3 *-Msgs ;Third message offset "LCD Msg4 *-Msgs ;Fourth message offset "DISPLAYS" Msg5 *-Msgs ;Fifth message offset "DIRECTLY" EndMsgs *-Msgs ;End messages label
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Application Note Code Listings
Lookup table segment values ASCII character values Some characters displayed 15-segment LCD, they marked invalid, will displayed blank space. Table $0000 $0000 ;'!' INVALID $0201 ;'"' $0000 ;'#' INVALID $A5A5 ;'$' $0000 ;'%' INVALID $0000 ;'&' INVALID $0001 ;''' $000A ;'(' $5000 ;')' $F00F ;'*' $A005 ;'+' $0000 ;',' INVALID $2004 ;'-' $0800 ;'.' $4002 ;'/' $47E2 ;'0' $0602 ;'1' $23C4 ;'2' $2784 ;'3' $2624 ;'4' $21A8 ;'5' $25E4 ;'6' $0700 ;'7' $27E4 ;'8' $27A4 ;'9' $2764 ;'A' $8785 ;'B' $01E0 ;'C' $8781 ;'D' $21E4 ;'E' $2164 ;'F' $05E4 ;'G' $2664 ;'H' $8181 ;'I' $06C0 ;'J' $206A ;'K' $00E0 ;'L' $1662 ;'M' $1668 ;'N' $07E0 ;'O' $2364 ;'P' $07E8 ;'Q' $236C ;'R' $25A4 ;'S' $8101 ;'T' AN1763 MOTOROLA More Information This Product, www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
$06E0 $4062 $4668 $500A $9002 $4182 *-Table ;'U' ;'V' ;'W' ;'X' ;'Y' ;'Z' ;End table label
EndTable
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Vector definitions RESETVEC ;Reset vector Start
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Application Note Code Listings
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
AN1763 MOTOROLA More Information This Product, www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Application Note
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Motorola reserves right make changes without further notice products herein. Motorola makes warranty, representation guarantee regarding suitability products particular purpose, does Motorola assume liability arising application product circuit, specifically disclaims liability, including without limitation consequential incidental damages. "Typical" parameters which provided Motorola data sheets and/or specifications vary different applications actual performance vary over time. operating parameters, including "Typicals" must validated each customer application customer's technical experts. Motorola does convey license under patent rights rights others. Motorola products designed, intended, authorized components systems intended surgical implant into body, other applications intended support sustain life, other application which failure Motorola product could create situation where personal injury death occur. Should Buyer purchase Motorola products such unintended unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify hold Motorola officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, distributors harmless against claims, costs, damages, expenses, reasonable attorney fees arising directly indirectly, claim personal injury death associated with such unintended unauthorized use, even such claim alleges that Motorola negligent regarding design manufacture part. Motorola registered trademarks Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.
reach USA/EUROPE/Locations Listed: Motorola Literature Distribution, P.O. 5405, Denver, Colorado 80217, 1-800-441-2447 1-303-675-2140. Customer Focus Center, 1-800-521-6274 JAPAN: Nippon Motorola Ltd. SPD, Strategic Planning Office 4-32-1, Nishi-Gotanda Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141, Japan, 81-3-5487-8488 ASIA/PACIFIC: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd., Ping Industrial Park, Ting Road, N.T., Hong Kong, 852-26629298 MfaxTM, Motorola Back System: RMFAX0@email.sps.mot.com; http://sps.motorola.com/mfax/; TOUCHTONE, 1-602-244-6609; Canada ONLY, 1-800-774-1848 HOME PAGE: http://motorola.com/sps/
Mfax trademark Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc., 1998
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