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APPLICATION NOTE
AN1024
LINEAR HYBRID AMPLIFIERS
sources family medium power broadband gain blocks applications.
Prepared Feeney Reprinted with permission from "r.f. design" magazine class cost, high performance hybrid amplifiers emerged assist design engineer working frequency range MHz. Utilizing distortion wide dynamic range performance technology developed CATV industry, these amplifiers feature power output capabilities previously unavailable hybrid circuits. circuit shown Figure emerged standard gain block used CATV repeater amplifiers. Using resistive feedback techniques assure product uniformity, this basic circuit accomplishes gain functions ranging from higher gain models, sections this circuit cascaded shown Figure accommodate increased package density same form factor, transmission line transformers mounted bridge assembly suspended above substrate.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
What They?
linear hybrid amplifiers represent family medium power, broadband gain blocks multi purpose applications. Internally matched both input output either systems, these devices cover gains ranging from accommodate output power levels excess Linear class bias conditions accommodate third order intercept values excess dBmV. Depending quantity model selected, most prices fall range $30. $60. you've been using transistors like 2N3866, 2N5109, stud mounted devices, read save more than just design time.
Packaging Technique
form factor standardized CATV industry allows hybrid amplifier bolted directly chassis frame maximum power dissipation. pins located 0.100 centers easy connection printed circuit board. Mating sockets manufactured Amphenol (P/N 502-20071-572) Barnes (P/N 027-018-02). note caution. attempt file heatsink hybrid amplifier. only does this void warranty (considered "mishandling" manufacturer), induce substrate cracking during machining operation.
Construction
linear hybrid amplifiers utilize thin film manufacturing construction techniques developed demanding CATV industry. ceramic substrates alumina (A1203) with gold conducting paths. Resistors either cermet nichrome, laser trimmed better than percent tolerance. maximum MTBF, gold metallized transistor used incorporating resistive ballasting emitter fingers provide even thermal distribution across surface corporating resistive ballasting emitter fingers provide even thermal distribution across surface eliminate "hot spotting." These transistor subjected rigorous testing through extensive wafer qualification program before being mounted circuit. hybrid manufacturer must insure that transistors used will meet exacting requirements gain, distortion, noise figure.
Heatsink Your Hybrid
Like power devices, hybrid amplifiers require heatsinking proper operation. much heatsinking necessary? much required maintain case operating temperature maximum value under worst case ambient temperature maximum supply voltage. presence absence signal insignificant class bias conditions. Reducing supply voltage will decrease power consumption, will also decrease linearity. Attach hybrid amplifier directly chassis, module card sidewall, small baseplate, mounting bracket that connected above. before complete your design, verify that maximum case (flange) temperature hybrid amplifier within manufacturer's specified limits under your worst case operating conditions. This will insure that maximum junction temperatures individual transistor will exceeded (usually 140°C).
Basic Circuit
meet stringent performance requirements distortion noise figure, basic parallel cascade
Application Motorola, Inc. 1993 Reports
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AN1024
Figure Single Parallel/Cascade Circuit
Figure Double Parallel/Cascade Circuit Electrical Performance Features
Gain linear hybrid amplifiers fixed gain devices which fully cascadable additional gain. adjustable gain (AGC) required particular application, must added externally with conventional diode attenuator). Frequency Range These hybrid amplifiers utilize broadband transmission line transformers transistor achieve wide bandwidths linear phase response. Although some models optimized over particular frequency range certain market, these hybrid amplifiers will often deliver satisfactory performance beyond frequency ranges specified manufacturer. Impedance hybrids internally matched both input output either ohms. This only reduces external components normally required match these impedances discrete designs, also simplifies requirements interfacing printed circuit board connections. short path lengths, strip line width little effect performance. Output Power linear hybrids often operated power levels well below their maximum output capability (for example, receiver applications). such cases, operation reduced power supply voltage recommended reduce power consumption (assuming full dynamic range required). maximum power capability linear class operation these circuits restricted several factors: operating supply voltage, which limits maximum peak peak swing. quiescent bias conditions, which limit maximum current swing across transformed load impedance.
Core saturation output transformer, condition aggravated high permeability ferrites operating high ambient temperatures. Changes Performance with Supply Voltage Simply point reference, most linear hybrid amplifiers characterized supply voltage 24V. However, design engineer operate above increase available output power) below reduce power consumption) rated supply voltage observe little change gain frequency response. However, certain specifications directly affected supply voltage: Current consumption. These hybrid amplifiers biased (quiescent operating point) linear mode class operation. higher supply voltage, more current they draw. lower supply voltage, lower current consumption. There linear relationship between supply voltage current consumption. Therefore, power consumption varies square supply voltage. Output power capability. supply voltage increases, does maximum available output power (higher peak peak swing possible across given load). Linearity. Third order intercept, measure linearity, directly related supply voltage. many applications, however, these hybrid amplifiers offer more linearity than required. these cases operation lower supply voltage recommended reduce power consumption. Noise Figure. Just like noise transistor, lower bias current supply voltage, these hybrid amplifiers), lower noise figure. (nonhermetic). physical mass ferrite transmission line transformers prohibits excessive levels mechanical shock variable frequency vibration. However manufacturers should consulted specific applications, because hybrid amplifiers this generic type have qualified certain military programs.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Reliability Screening, Military Applications
Since reliability major factor profitability CATV systems, component manufacturers supplying hybrid circuits volume this competitive industry have developed extensive data bases insure reliability their product. Additional reliability screens uncommon commercial products often added manufacturer's expense insure against field failures. Reliability major consideration, these hybrid devices were designed qualify MIL-STD-883, level example, caps sealed with epoxy
Hybrid Circuit?
Many engineers design circuit with discrete components exactly what they want. Selecting hybrid amplifier from standard product line results some compromise, usually offers several advantages:
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Application Reports
AN1024 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Uses Them?
Because their wide bandwidth linear operation, linear hybrids effective digital pulse) applications well analog waveforms. Their unique combination high performance over broad frequency range cost make them ideal choice broad spectrum major markets: Markets Communications Networks Long Haul Data Coaxial Fiber Cable Communications Radios VHF, Commercial Military Satellite Ground Stations High Speed Facsimile Telemetry Radar Instrumentation Applications Antenna Distribution Cable Drivers Drivers Amplifiers Local Oscillator Buffers Repeater Amplifiers Filter Amplifiers Signal Processing Equipment Swept Measurement Testing Transmitter Drivers Features Linear Phase Response Wide Bandwidth, Distortion High Power Output Capability Unconditional Stability Linear Operation into Highly Reactive Loads Infinite VSWR Protection High Third Order Intercept Excellent Impedance Match Noise Figure, Wide Dynamic Range
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
SATELITTE COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
(SCPC EQUIV.)
COMBINED OUTPUT
APPLICATIONS LINEAR POWER AMPLIFIER DIGITAL, DATA, VOICE CHANNELS DRIVER EXTENDED LENGTHS COAX
LEVELING CONTROL
WIDEBAND FREQUENCY DOUBLER
HIGH POWER AMPLIFIER
1000
APPLICATIONS DME, TACAN, APPLICATIONS RADAR, ECM, DRONE APPLICATIONS BROADBAND SWEPT INSTRUMENTATION THROUGH TRANSMITTER DRIVERS
HIGH POWER AMPLIFIER
8/12/16 SIGNAL SPLITTER
TRANSMITTER DRIVER
APPLICATIONS VHF, FREQUENCY RANGE TRANSMISSION COMMERCIAL MILITARY EQUIPMENT N-WAY POWER SPLITTER
ANTENNA DISTRIBUTOR
Application Reports
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AN1024 Performance product years research, linear hybrid offers design engineer distortion levels, wide dynamic range, noise performance that difficult achieve discrete form. This "extra margin" performance enhance overall equipment design allow more competitive specifications. Size space consideration equipment design, added real estate required discrete circuitry prohibitive. Reliability high degree reliability demanded CATV industry already been discussed. given equivalent manufacturing screening methods, hybrid circuits offer improved system reliability over circuit comprised multiple discrete components. This reliability improvement result reduced package count, fewer solder interconnects (each interconnect potential failure point), system level testing screening performed hybrid manufacturer. Consequently hybrid manufacturer. Consequently hybrid manufacturer accepting larger responsibility reliability. delivered product combination many discrete components tested complete system. Losses individual component interaction failure isolated during manufacturing cycle. Cost cost materials build replacement discrete circuit particular application usually less than initial price hybrid. However, following factors often overlooked many equipment designs: hybrid manufacturer absorbing costs incoming inspection, assembly, test circuit providing. Manufacturing costs equipment using discrete circuitry always higher than equivalent equipment utilizing commercially available hybrid circuits. This especially true tuning tweaking circuit required. equipment manufacturer's cost procurement cost stocking higher multicomponent discrete circuit than single thin film hybrid amplifier. These higher costs apply only during production build cycle, throughout lifetime equipment (spare parts inventory). Engineering costs design reliable replacement circuit. Don't forget include time spent debugging optimizing circuit, time spent productions support. manufacturers these linear hybrid amplifiers have spread their development costs over more than 1,000,000 units operating field.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
HIGH PERFORMANCE RECEIVER APPLICATIONS
BAND PASS FILTER BAND PASS FILTER
VAGC APPLICATIONS LINEAR AMPLIFIER BUFFER HIGH LEVEL MIXER REPEATER AMPLIFIER FIBER COAXIAL CABLE COMMUNICATIONS HIGH DENSITY PACKAGING
ELECTRO/OPTICAL EQUIPMENT, APPLICATIONS FIBER OPTIC APPLICATIONS
MATCHING NETWORK
MODULATOR
SIGNAL PROCESSOR
MATCHING NETWORK
LASER DIODE
FILTER
APPLICATIONS ACOUSTO-OPTIC MODULATORS FIBER OPTIC LASER/LED DRIVERS FILTER AMPLIFIERS DRIVERS CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES SUITABLE ANALOG DIGITAL MODULATION, TYPES WAVEFORMS
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Application Reports
AN1024 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Linear Hybrid Right Choice Design?
end, choice between standard hybrid amplifier discrete circuit must made design engineer. Find what's available from various manufacturers, what their prices are, what costs your company implement discrete design. thing sure thin film hybrid amplifiers described this article have been proven production will around long, long time. Probably longer than discrete transistors they replacing. James Humphrey George Luettgenau; "Reliability Considerations Design Integrated Circuits", Semiconductors, Feb. 1976. M.D. McCombs; "Reliability/Performance Aspects CATV Amplifier Design", Semiconductors, Jan. 1977. D.M. Feeney; "Mechanical Thermal Considerations Using Linear Hybrid Amplifiers", Semiconductors, September 1978. D.M. Feeney; "Extending Range Intermodulation Distortion Test", Electronics, Aug. 1978, 121-122. Craig Wells; Layman's Guide CATV Hybrid Amplifiers", TVC, Dec. 1977.
References
J.G. Bouchard; "Hybrid Technology Best Supporting Actor," IEEE Transactions Manufacturing Technology, Vol. MFT-6, Dec. 1977, 65-68. B.T. Joyce; "Hybrids Look Total Cost"; IEEE Transactions Manufacturing Technology, Vol. MFT-6, Dec. 1977, 69-72. Kromer, Mike Turner; "Guide Military Hybrid Microcircuits", Military Electronics/Countermeasures, June, 1978, 56-90. Eackus, Grant; "Reliability Considerations CATV Hybrids", IEEE Transactions Cable Television, Vol. CATV-3, Jan. 1978, 1-23.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Reports
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AN1024
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Motorola reserves right make changes without further notice products herein. Motorola makes warranty, representation guarantee regarding suitability products particular purpose, does Motorola assume liability arising application product circuit, specifically disclaims liability, including without limitation consequential incidental damages. "Typical" parameters vary different applications. operating parameters, including "Typicals" must validated each customer application customer's technical experts. Motorola does convey license under patent rights rights others. Motorola products designed, intended, authorized components systems intended surgical implant into body, other applications intended support sustain life, other application which failure Motorola product could create situation where personal injury death occur. Should Buyer purchase Motorola products such unintended unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify hold Motorola officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, distributors harmless against claims, costs, damages, expenses, reasonable attorney fees arising directly indirectly, claim personal injury death associated with such unintended unauthorized use, even such claim alleges that Motorola negligent regarding design manufacture part. Motorola registered trademarks Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. Literature Distribution Centers: USA: Motorola Literature Distribution; P.O. 20912; Phoenix, Arizona 85036. EUROPE: Motorola Ltd.; European Literature Centre; Tanners Drive, Blakelands, Milton Keynes, MK14 5BP, England. JAPAN: Nippon Motorola Ltd.; 4-32-1, Nishi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141, Japan. ASIA PACIFIC: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd.; Silicon Harbour Center, King Street, Industrial Estate, N.T., Hong Kong.
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AN1024/D Application Reports

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