Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Techno
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WP134 (v1.0) March 2001
Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies
Author: Amit Dhir, Saeid Mousavi
Summary
With proliferation digital television more more people around world beginning distribute audio video signals around their homes. number interconnection technologies available meet requirements in-home video multimedia distribution, namely IEEE 1394, USB, Ethernet. While IEEE 1394 seem similar, they intended fulfill different bandwidth cost needs. 1394 standard move more data given amount time, more expensive than more complex protocol signalling rate. Applications that best suited 1394 disk drives, high-quality video streams, other high-bandwidth applications; higher consumer devices. appropriate middle bandwidth applications such audio, scanners, printers, keyboards, mice. 1394 complimentary technologies. 1394 devices where high performance priority price not, while devices where price priority high performance not. home networking purists, Ethernet equipment offers inexpensive proven products that bought retail both form carte. Ethernet technology reliably efficiently network Internet appliances (PCs, printers, game consoles, digital televisions, security cameras, much more) home. Xilinx solutions enable these evolving technologies consumer devices today.
Introduction
computer industry been promising users ability easily connect electronics devices such digital TVs, cameras, cable set-top boxes, stereo equipment each other many years. IEEE 1394 interconnection technologies solutions that have been developed specifically meet commitments their customer base. 1394 complementary technologies, differing their application focus. preferred connection most peripherals such keyboards, digital cameras, scanners. 1394's primary target consumer electronic devices such digital camcorders, digital PVRs, players, digital televisions. Even though Ethernet originally designed operate home entertainment environment, some variants beginning provide consumers with ability distribute high-speed data video around house. IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) technologies ideal advanced entertainment networks, however they require additional special wiring. This white paper explores benefits technologies associated with deploying such solutions.
2001 Xilinx, Inc. rights reserved. Xilinx trademarks, registered trademarks, patents, disclaimers listed other trademarks registered trademarks property their respective owners. specifications subject change without notice.
WP134 (v1.0) March 2001
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Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies
High-Speed InHome Interconnection Technologies
Consumer electronic appliances have different applications networked home. Each device content usage pattern, individual, family usage (see Table Table Different Usage Patterns Home Networking Applications
This pattern usage been instrumental development variety different technologies used connect these devices together. instance, powerlines best medium interconnection appliances that control manage lighting, temperature, home security. Interconnecting PCs, printers, scanners, security cameras, phones done through existing phonelines. Wireless home networking technology used handheld devices, such pocket PDAs. best mediums interconnecting multimedia entertainment devices such digital set-top boxes, camcorders, wire technologies based IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet standards.
IEEE 1394
What IEEE 1394?
With expansion digital technology, more more people sharing video, still images, audio. Consumers constantly searching faster easier ways transferring sharing such information. This phenomenon driving convergence computers, consumer equipment, communications. Communication force that draws these separate market segments together. Convergence will happen when seamless, high-speed communication becomes readily available. There some interconnection technologies that enable connect these devices across home. IEEE 1394 protocol appears strong contender communications channel that will make this happen IEEE 1394, also known FireWireor iLinkTM, versatile, high-speed, inexpensive method interconnecting variety consumer electronic devices (e.g., home theatre equipment) personal computer peripherals (e.g., color printers). requires optical fiber high-grade copper wiring throughout home.
Origins IEEE 1394
FireWire standard, originally created Apple Computer born need low-cost, consumer-oriented connection between digital-video recorders personal computers. grew into standard called IEEE 1394 low-cost, high data rate connections.
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Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies
1994, organization called 1394 trade organization formed support promote adoption 1394 standard. 1995, they formally released 1394 specification. Since 1994 couple versions have been developed. 1394a introduced 1998 1394b introduced following year. 1394b fully backwards compatible with current 1394 1394a specifications. Each revision 1394 some added features, performance, capabilities.
IEEE 1394 Architecture
understand 1394 operates, need briefly examine elements 1394based home network. components that form IEEE 1394 based home network classified actual protocol itself, cabling system, architectural design network itself. Demystifying IEEE 1394 Protocol Similar other high-speed networking systems, IEEE 1394 adopts layered approach transmitting data across physical medium.
Note: layer best defined group functions.
four layers used IEEE 1394 graphically depicted Figure
Serial Soft
Configuration Error Control Read, Write, Lock
Transaction Layer
Packets
Isochronous Channels
Serial Management
Link Layer (Cycle control, packet transmitter, packet receiver)
Symbols
Physical Layer (Encode/Decode, Arbitration, Media Interface)
Electrical Signal Mechanical Interface
IEEE 1394 Physical Interface
Figure IEEE 1394 Protocol Stack physical layer provides electrical mechanical connection between 1394 appliance cable itself. Besides actual data transmission reception tasks, physical layer also provides arbitration insure devices have fair access bus. link layer takes data from physical layer formats into types recognizable 1394 packets-Isochronous Asynchronous. Isochronous data transfer puts emphasis guaranteed timing data, less emphasis delivery. Isochronous transfers always broadcast one-to-one oneto-many fashion. error correction retransmission available Isochronous transfers. Asynchronous data transfer puts emphasis guaranteed delivery data, with less emphasis guaranteed timing. third layer used IEEE 1394 protocol called transaction layer responsible managing commands that executed across home network. fourth final logical grouping functions responsible overall configuration control serial bus.
WP134 (v1.0) March 2001
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Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies Cabling Connectors cabling required interconnect devices IEEE 1394 based home network quite similar that Ethernet. unlike other home networking technologies, IEEE 1394 requires installation wires. IEEE 1394 cable medium allows physical connections (cable hops), each meters length. This gives home network using IEEE 1394 total cable distance meters. 1394 physically small. thin serial cable replace larger more expensive interfaces. 6-pin connectors have data wires power wires devices, which derive their power from 1394 bus. Home Network Topology topology 1394 system either daisy chain, tree, star, combination these. 1394 protocol peer-to-peer network with point-to-point signaling environment (see Figure
Figure Peer-to-Peer 1394 Based Home Network This type topology means that there need dedicated administer home network. This feature particularly useful streaming data from digital cameras both digital drives without assistance from other devices home network.
Benefits IEEE 1394
Broad support: home networking industry very positive attitude towards 1394 technology. Additionally, 1394 advantage being adopted consumer electronics manufacturers such Sony, Panasonic, Philips, Grundig. cost: 1394 low-cost digital interface available audio/video applications. Endorsed international standards bodies: European Digital Video Broadcasters (DVB) have endorsed IEEE 1394 their digital television interface.
Note: Founded September 1993, Project market-led consortium public private sector organizations television industry. establish framework introduction MPEG-2 based digital television services. comprising over organizations from more than countries around world, fosters market-led systems that meet real needs economic circumstances consumer electronics broadcast industry.
Speed: Multimedia entertainment most frequently used application today's homes. high-quality distribution video entertainment applications requires larger bandwidth than audio data. IEEE 1394 capable transporting data 100, 200, 400, Mbps. next version standard will capable transporting data Gbps. Plug play: Consumers remove 1394 devices there need reset home network. Non-proprietary: Like IEEE standards, IEEE 1394 open, royalty-free standard. Different applications: There many different applications IEEE 1394. Almost consumer electronic, office automation, industrial, biomedical, networking devices benefit from 1394 features capabilities.
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WP134 (v1.0) March 2001
Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies
Types IEEE 1394 Products Currently Available
IEEE 1394 enabling technology connecting multimedia devices, such Digital camcorders VCRs Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite Cable set-top boxes players Video games Home theater Musical synthesizers/samplers with digital audio capabilities Digital audio tape (DAT) recorders, mixers, hard-disk recorders, video editors
Market Forecasts
forecasts that year 2003, over million different types informational entertainment appliances will come with digital IEEE 1394 interface standard. This will have profound affect design home networks based this advanced home networking technology.
Xilinx IEEE 1394 Solutions
IEEE 1394 technology consists physical layer encoding-decoding, arbitration, medium interface, provides electrical signal mechanical interface (Figure link layer provides cycle control, packet transmit, packet receive, provides host application interface. SpartanTM-II FPGA provide complete link layer functionality with ability connect multiple interfaces such PCI, audio-video, etc. True FPGA capabilities realized when there proprietary application interface. However, IEEE 1394 system, Spartan-II FPGA provides system interface other ASSP functionalities.
Packet Receive,
face aster, Target) Host terface
lication Interface
IEEE 1394 sical erface
Pack
biter
Receive FIFOs
dio- Video face
Figure IEEE 1394 Link Controller Physical Layer Interface
Universal Serial (USB)
What USB?
Dramatic improvements content quality pushing demand computers informational appliances with digital interfaces. most common interface high-speed data serial bus. stands Universal Serial Bus. interface standard that originally specified 1995. major goal define external expansion bus, which makes adding peripherals easy hooking telephone wall-jack. Virtually all-new come with more ports. fact, become enabler Easy initiative, industry initiative Intel Microsoft make easier use. This effort evolved from recognition that users need simpler, easier that don't sacrifice connectivity expandability. technologies used provide this.
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Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies Today, version standard enjoying tremendous success marketplace, with most peripheral vendors around globe developing products this specification. Let's take closer look features benefits that offer people considering implementation USB- based in-home network.
supports high-speed data transfer protocols: isochronous asynchronous. Isochronous connections from port peripherals such scanners, video devices, digital cameras, printers, supports data transfers guaranteed, fixed rate delivery Mbps. slower asynchronous protocol used communicate with peripherals such keyboards mice Mbps. These data rates Mbps sufficient low-speed medium-speed peripherals. replaces many different serial parallel connectors back with standardized plug-and-play combination, home networking devices with port connect different peripherals. USBs data rate also accommodates generation peripherals, including MPEG-2 video-based products, data gloves, digitizers. Computer-telephony integration expected growth area PCs, provide interface ISDN digital PBXs.
Demystifying
next generation standard. From home networking user's perspective, just like 1.1, with much higher bandwidth (480 Mbps).
Note: times faster than
will look same behave same, with larger choice more interesting, higher performance devices available. addition, peripherals user already purchased will work 2.0-capable system. mainly used consumers high-bandwidth electronic products such high-resolution video conferencing cameras, next generation scanners, printers. Cabling Connectors Most enabled devices will standard A-to-B cables various lengths. There are, however, some devices that require cables that non-standard connectors come with their cable. Network Topology When planning physical layout network need make sure that distances between devices less than five meters from each other. need connect three computers printers together then need purchase device called bridge.
Note: bridge device that connects networks together.
Benefits
Plug play: fully supports plug-and-play technology. With plug-and-play, hardware devices such digital speakers, joysticks, video cameras automatically configured soon they physically attached home network. swapping capabilities: also supports swapping devices home network. there need shut down restart devices. Single port connection: Gone days opening your computer installing card setting onboard switches. replaces different kinds serial parallel connectors that have back with standardized plug port combination. Multiple connections: Home networking devices that have port connect different peripheral devices time. Support high-speed protocols: supports high-speed data transfer
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WP134 (v1.0) March 2001
Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies protocols: isochronous asynchronous. isochronous connection supports data transfers guaranteed, fixed rate Mbps. asynchronous protocol slower Mbps. need dedicated power supplies: distributes power connected devices eliminating need clunky power supply boxes typical home network.
home control mechanisms: Because connections allow transfer data flow both directions between consumer electronics devices, possible desktop control home appliances creative environments. Operating system support: Microsoft Windows Windows 2000 provide complete support technologies.
Xilinx Solutions
Figures detail cores block diagrams, respectively. While Spartan-II FPGA implement function controller core microcontroller/microprocessor, system FPGA also provide programmable application (system) interface, controller, memory controller, glue logic functionality. real value programmable logic solution ability connect disparate technologies such with SCSI, IEEE 1394, HomePNA (phonelines), Ethernet, others single device.
Interface Master, Target) Host Interface
Application Interface
Packet Transmit/ Receive,
IEEE 1394 Physical Interface
Packet Analyzer
Link Control
Arbiter
Transmit Receive FIFOs
Audio-Video Interface
Figure Core
Interface Master, Target) Host/ Application Interface
Application Interface
Connector Cable
Transceiver
Control Logic Block
Protocol Layer
1394 Interface Clock Generator DLLs
Figure Core
IEEE 1394
Many people confuse IEEE 1394 USB. It's understandable. Both emerging technologies that offer method connecting multiple peripherals computer. Both permit peripherals added disconnected from computer without need reboot. Both thin, flexible cables, that employ simple, durable connectors. that where
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WP134 (v1.0) March 2001
Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies similarities end. Although 1394 cables look similar, amount data transfer quite different. Today, 1394 offers data transfer rate that over times faster than USB. addition, 1394 well-defined bandwidth roadmap, with speed increasing Gbps+ (125 Mbps) beyond next couple years. Such dramatic improvements data transfer capacity will required keep pace with bandwidth hogging devices that plan incorporate 1394 interfaces, such HDTV, digital set-top boxes, home automation systems. 1394 more complex protocol signaling rate allowing movement more data given amount time. 1394 considerably more expensive than USB. does this mean that IEEE 1394 will become wires technology choice most home networking users? fact most industry analysts expect 1394 coexist peacefully. Small 1394 connectors will replace myriad connectors found back today's information appliances. will reserved low-bandwidth peripherals (mice, keyboards, modems), while 1394 will used connect generation highbandwidth computer consumer electronics products.
Ethernet/ Fast Ethernet
What Fast Ethernet?
Ethernet popular international standardized networking technology (comprising both hardware software) that enables computers communicate with each other. Ethernet developed DEC, Intel, Xerox. Institute Electrical Electronics Engineers (IEEE) later standardized IEEE 802.3. Therefore, people tend terms Ethernet IEEE 802.3 interchangeably. supports data transfer rates Mbps. newer version Ethernet called Fast Ethernet supports data transfer rates Mbps.
Note: Officially, Fast Ethernet standard IEEE 802.3u.
newest version called Gigabit Ethernet supports rates 1,000 Mbps Gbps). This variation Ethernet mostly used enterprise networking rarely deployed within home.
Fast Ethernet Architecture
understand Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) operates home network need understand elements Ethernet-based home network. components that form Ethernet-based home network classified actual protocol itself, cabling system, interconnecting devices.
Demystifying Ethernet Protocol
Similar 1394 USB, Ethernet adopts layered approach transmitting data across home network. Ethernet defines lower layers Reference Model, namely physical data link layers. physical (PHY) layer transmits unstructured bitstream over physical medium describes electrical, mechanical, functional interface network. physical layer support wide range media specifications. Each these specifications provides different data rates, media, topology configurations. Table shows summary these specification standards.
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WP134 (v1.0) March 2001
Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies
Table Ethernet Physical Layer Media Specifications
Standard
1Base5 10Base5 10Base2 10Broad36 FOIRL 10Base-T 10Base-FL 10Base-FB 10Base-FP 100Base-TX 100Base-FX 100Base-T4 100Base-T2 1000Base-LX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-SX 1000Base-SX
IEEE
802.3e 802.3 802.3a 802.3b 802.3d 802.3i 802.3j 802.3j 802.3j
Data Rate
Medium
Topology
Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star Star
Max. Cable Length Half Duplex Full Duplex
250M 185M 1800M 1000M 100M 2000M 2000M 1000M 100M 412M 100M 100M 316M 316M 316M 275M 316M 100M >1000 100M >2000M 100M 2000M 100M 550M 550M 5000M 275M 550M 100M
1Mb/s pairs twisted telephone cable 10Mb/s Single 50-ohm coaxial cable (thick Ethernet) 10Mb/s 10Mb/s 10Mb/s 10Mb/s 10Mb/s 10Mb/s 10Mb/s Single 50-ohm coaxial cable (thin Ethernet) Single 75-ohm CATV broadband cable Optical Fibers pairs 100-ohm Category better cable Optical Fibers Optical Fibers Optical Fibers
802.3u 100Mb/s pairs 100-ohm Category cable 802.3u 100Mb/s Optical Fibers 802.3u 100Mb/s 802.3y 100Mb/s 802.3z 802.3z 802.3z 802.3z 802.3z 1Gb/s 1Gb/s 1Gb/s 1Gb/s 1Gb/s 1Gb/s 1Gb/s Four pairs 100-ohm Category better cable pairs 100-ohm Category better cable Long wavelength laser (1300nm) over 62.5um multi-mode fiber Long wavelength laser (1300nm) over 50um multi-mode fiber Long wavelength laser (1300nm) over 10um Single mode fiber Short wavelength laser (850nm) over 62.5um multi mode fiber Short wavelength laser (850nm) over 50um multi mode fiber Specialty shielded balanced copper jumper cable assemblies Four pairs 100-ohm Category better cable
1000Base-CX 802.3z 1000Base-T 802.3ab
data link layer responsible getting data packets home network. data link layer subdivided further into Logical Link Control (LLC) Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layers. upper half layer does error checking whilst lower half solely responsible getting data home network. Like Ethernet, Fast Ethernet also uses CSMA/CD access method handle simultaneous demands home network. About CSMA/CD CSMA/CD stands carrier sense multiple access with collision detection. home network that uses CSMA/CD access method, device send data time-so there multiple access. When electronics device data send, listens line busy. device sensitive carrier line-which this access method said have "carrier sense". there traffic line, device waits-in other words, enters waiting mode. line free, station transmits data immediately. Let's that another device another part home decides send data same time. such case, collision occur. Collision detection allows devices detect this event perform required recovery. devices back period before retransmitting. course, essential that devices back same length time. example, appliances home network were back retry after half second, same data broadcasts would collide again. prevent continual collisions, each appliance network backs random amount time. Cabling Connectors Ethernet very precise about proper cabling. There three different major types cables available Ethernet applications-twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic. Each medium
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Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies characteristics these characteristics determine suitability medium given circumstances.
Twisted Pair
Twisted pair oldest medium. It's also least expensive, easiest install, most common cable type. Twisted pair made copper wires, which twisted around another. These wires known signal return paths. wires coated insulating material, they handled moved easily. twisted pair cable either flat round. either case, usually contains four more conductors that carry data. There three types twisted pair: Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Shielded twisted pair (STP) Foiled twisted pair (FTP)
shield around cable reduce susceptibility interference. UTP, other hand, relies tightness twists reduce susceptibility interference. fact, twists continue right connector. like that incorporates shield which, name suggests, made foil. most common form twisted pair.
Note: With more recent, advanced encoding schemes, cable carry Mbps data more.
Coaxial Coaxial cable (coax) similar lead that links television antenna. cable constructed using single inner wire core called conductor. This surrounded outer shield wire mesh that acts ground. core ground must separated insulation order protect core from interference. There insulation methods. Either solid continuous insulator used, insulating disks spaced evenly along cable.
Note: CATV cabling coaxial cabling commonly known transmission cable signals:
Fiber Optic Fiber optic cables (also known optical fibers) third type Ethernet cable. fiber optic cable consists bundle glass threads, each which capable transmitting messages modulated onto light waves. Light provides larger bandwidth than that provided electrical signal. Optical fiber used either analog digital transmission. fiber made from either glass plastic. transmission digital, bursts light represent "On" gaps between bursts represent "Off". transmission analog, light will vary analog electrical signal does. Fiber optics several advantages over traditional twisted pair coaxial communication lines: Fiber optic cables have much greater bandwidth than metal cables Fiber optic cables less susceptible than metal cables interference Fiber optic cables much thinner lighter than traditional wiring systems Fiber optic cable also used carry 1394 data
main disadvantage fiber optics that cables expensive install home. addition, they more fragile than metal based cabling. There types fiber optic cables available home networking applications, "single mode" "multiple mode". Fiber optic cabling technology where electrical signals converted into optical signals, transmitted through thin glass fiber, reconverted into electrical signals. Fiber optics particularly popular technology corporate networks. future, Xilinx believes that fiber optic technology will backbone-cabling infrastructure consumers want distribute rich multimedia video content throughout their homes.
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WP134 (v1.0) March 2001
Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies
regards connectors, connectors used home networks that have installed coaxial cables RJ-45 connectors used networks that configured with twisted pair cabling. Interconnection Devices Network interface cards, repeaters, hubs main interconnection devices used Ethernet home networking environment. network interface card expansion card used connect digital device home network. Most network interface cards designed particular type network, protocol, media. common problem home networking world that weakening electrical signals. Electrical signals traveling through wires weaken wire's electrical resistance. This effect limits lengths cable that used. repeater network device that repeats signal from port onto other ports which connected. Repeaters low-level devices that amplify regenerate weak signals. hub's major function replicate data receives from device others.
Benefits Fast Ethernet-Based Home Networks
Proven technology: There several million Mbps Ethernet users world today. keeping essential characteristics Ethernet technology unchanged Mbps world, home networking users benefit from body Ethernet expertise developed over years. Reliability: Ethernet technology reliably efficiently network most types information appliances, including PCs, high-definition televisions, set-top boxes, security cameras, modems (see Figure
Broadband Access
Laptop
Printer
Stereo
Television
Figure Fast Ethernet-Based Home Network Support high-bandwidth in-home applications: Multimedia entertainment most important application today's homes. bandwidth requirement high-definition television streaming video cannot entirely satisfied wires" technologies that available today's homes. Ethernet technology reliably efficiently deliver this level functionality home networking users. Wide industry support: Fast Ethernet widely supported many different companies.
Market Data
According Cahners In-Stat Group, Gigabit Ethernet segment continues grow impressively, with nearly million worth products shipped third quarter 2000, dramatically from about million third quarter 1999.
Xilinx Fast Ethernet Solutions
Figure shows 10/1000 Ethernet core which includes physical layer (PHY), media independent interface (MII), medium access control (MAC). Spartan-II FPGA provide Ethernet solution fitting MAC. additionally provide benefit
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Home Networking Using "New Wires" IEEE 1394, USB, Fast Ethernet Technologies interfacing home networking networking interfaces. also provides features such clock management, embedded memory, translation different types.
Ethernet
Buffer Data Flow Transmit Handler Management Register Counter Receive Handler Media Independent Interface
Buffer
Data Flow
Address Match Serial Interface
Figure 10/100 Ethernet PHY-MII-MAC
Revision History
following table shows revision history this document. Date 03/21/01 Version Initial Xilinx release. Revision
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WP134 (v1.0) March 2001
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