PRINCIPLE FUNCTION Amplification conversion differential input vo
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
PRINCIPLE FUNCTION
Amplification conversion differential input voltages (±400mV with CMIR VCC-3V) into adjustable current output 0/4.20mA, example. offset maximum output currents independently adjustable wide range. suitable both 3-wire applications HART® carrier
6.35V
Differential input 400mV
AM452
IOUT z.B.0/4.20mA
VREF 5/10V
10mA
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Transducers differential input signals current output values for: Transducers sensor applications with internal sensing element supply Drivers analog industrial power grid (e.g. remote display current loop operation) Differential impedance converters Carrier standard HART® protocol communications Modular signal conditioning with digital correction (Frame concept [1])
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
TABLE CONTENTS
PRINCIPLE FUNCTION FEATURES SCHEMATIC GENERAL DESCRIPTION ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS DETAILED DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONS Instrumentation amplifier (IA) Operational amplifier stage (OP1) Zero adjust stage stage Voltage-to-current converter (V/I converter) Reference voltage source Additional operational amplifier OPERATING AM452 3-wire applications general Differences AM452 circuitry with 3-wire applications Selecting supply voltage Setting offset output current range OPERATING AM452: IMPORTANT POINTS NOTE DIMENSIONING APPLICATIONS Typical 3-wire application with differential input signal Typical 2-wire application with differential input signal Offset compensation using voltage divider stage Using current source Using voltage source BLOCK DIAGRAM PINOUT DELIVERY PACKAGE DIMENSIONS FURTHER READING NOTES
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
FEATURES
Instrumentation amplifier input with wide voltage range ±400mV Adjustable gain offset Adjustable current output (e.g. 0/4.20mA) 3-wire operation Suitable HART® applications Protection against reverse polarity short-circuiting Output signal limiting Integrated current source Adjustable integrated reference voltage source Modular configuration Supply voltage 6.35V Temperature range -40°C.+85°C RoHS compliant
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
AM452 integrated transducer with adjustable current output which been specifically designed conditioning differential input signals. permits independent adjustment offset fullscale current using just components. consists various functional modules. addition instrumentation amplifier signal path there operational amplifier which used gain. offset adjusted using Zero adjust stage and/or stage module. additional operational amplifier supply external components. adjustable current output stage permits 3-wire operation simple amendment circuitry. distinguished many protective functions which include protection against reverse polarity short-circuiting also internal current limit.
SCHEMATIC
Prog. Reference Reference Offset Output
Input Differential input voltages
Stage
Voltage Reference Converter
Output
ZERO Stage
AM452
Offset
Amplifier
Figure Block diagram AM452 Figure Schematic AM452
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Tamb 25°C, 24V, VREF IREF (unless otherwise stated)
Parameter Supply Voltage Range Quiescent Current Temperature Specifications Operating Storage Junction Voltage Reference Voltage Current VREF Temperature Line Regulation Load Regulation Load Capacitance Current/Voltage Source Internal Reference Temperature Current Source: VBG/REXT Adjustable Current Range* Output Voltage Voltage Source: (REXT1 REXT2) REXT2 Adjustable Voltage Range Output Current Load Capacitance Source Sink Source mode -100 dVBG/dT Tamb 40.+85°C 1.20 1.27 1.35 ±140 ppm/°C VREF VREF IREF dVREF/dT dVREF/dV dVREF/dV dVREF/dI dVREF/dI IREF Tamb 40.+85°C 6V.35V 6V.35V, IREF VSET connected VSET GND, 4.75 0.05 0.06 5.00 10.0 5.25 10.5 10.0 ±140 0.10 0.15 ppm/°C ppm/V ppm/V %/mA %/mA Tamb Symbol Conditions VSET connected Tamb 40.+85°C, IREF Min. Typ. Max. Unit
2-wire operation fulfill condition IOUTmin with IOUTmin
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
Parameter Instrumentation Amplifier (cont.) Internal Gain Differential Input Voltage Range Common Mode Input Range Common Mode Rejection Ratio Power Supply Rejection Ratio Offset Voltage Temperature Input Bias Current Temperature Output Voltage Minimum Output Voltage Load Capacitance Zero Adjust Stage Internal Gain Zero Adjust Voltage VOUTIAmax Vcc<9V, VIN=400mV, GIA=5 VOUTIAmax VIN; Vcc9V, =400mV, GIA=5 Offset Voltage Temperature Input Bias Current Temperature Adjustable Gain Input Range Power Supply Rejection Ratio Offset Voltage Temperature Input Bias Current Temperature Output Voltage Limitation Output Voltage Range Load Capacitance dVOS/dT dIB/dT GGAIN PSRR dVOS/dT dIB/dT VLIM -3.0 -1.0 VREF VREF µV/°C pA/°C 0.94 ±0.5 ±1.6 1.06 Vcc-6 ±2.0 µV/°C pA/°C CMIR CMIR CMRR PSRR dVOS/dT dIB/dT VOUTIA VOUTIA VOUTIAmin -9.0 -1.5 -100 -0.4 -250 -0.9 +6.0 ±400 µV/°C nA/°C Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Operational Amplifier Gain Stage (OP1)
current given negative quantity.
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
Parameter Converter Internal Gain Trim Range Voltage Range Offset Voltage Temperature Input Resistance Temperature Output Offset Current IOUTOS Temperature Output Offset Current IOUTOS Temperature Output Control Current IOUTC Temperature Output Voltage Range Output Current Range Output Resistance Load Capacitance Stage Internal Gain Input Voltage Offset Voltage Temperature Input Bias Current Temperature Protective Functions Voltage Limitation Protection against reverse polarity Current event reverse polarity System Parameters Nonlinearity 3-dB-frequency Statistical output impedance Dynamical output impedance f3db Rstat. Rdyn. Ideal input 600, =600, 1nF, 2,2kHz, =600, 1nF, 0.05 0.15 VLIMR0 VLIMR0 VSET/2 Ground VOUT Ground IOUT Ground 35V, IOUT VREF/8 GSET VSET dVOS/dT dIB/dT -4.0 -1.0 ±1.6 1.15 +2.0 µV/°C pA/°C VR0FS dVOS/dT dRIN/dT IOUTOS dIOUTOS/dT IOUTOS dIOUTOS/dT IOUTC dIOUTC/dT VOUT VOUT IOUTFS ROUT 3-wire operation 3-wire operation 2-wire operation 2-wire operation 2-wire operation, VR0/100mV 2-wire operation VOUT IOUT, VOUT IOUT, IOUT VR0/R0, 3-wire operation Adjustable 0.122 0.60 0.125 1.00 0.128 1.40 µV/°C k/°C nA/°C nA/°C nA/°C Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Table Specifications
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Parameter Sense Resistor Stabilization Resistor Load Resistance Gain Resistors Offset Resistors Offset Resistor VREF Capacitance Output Capacitance Breakdown Voltage Forward Current Gain Symbol Min. value Tamb 85°C Only 2-wire operation e.g. BCX54/55/56 Conditions IOUTFS 20mA 20mA/IOUTFS IOUTFS 20mA 20mA/IOUTFS Only 3-wire operation Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Table Boundary conditions 2-wire operation with connected resistors capacitance acts pass filter with time constant
VREF
VSET
VREF
GSET Stage
VSET
AM452
Voltage Reference
VIN+ VIN-
ZERO Stage
Converter
Figure shows AM452 3-wire application where output current IOUT using instrumentation amplifier (with negative offset input) stage. gain maximum output current adjusted using OP1.
IOUT Ground
Figure Block diagram AM452 (3-wire version).
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
DETAILED DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONS
AM452 modular, monolithically integrated transducer which been specially developed conditioning differential voltage signals. consists several function blocks, values which described detail electrical specifications. various function blocks depicted block diagram (Figure described following. Instrumentation amplifier (IA) instrumentation amplifier (IA) with internal fixed gain acts input stage differential voltage signals 400mV maximum. Thanks device's special construction high input impedance high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) achieved. reference potential amplifier externally using with which offset current output (e.g. 4mA) increased. thus possible compensate negative offset signal source -400mV) correct that instrumentation amplifier. following applies transfer function instrumentation amplifier:
VOUTIA with VOUTIA
where describes differential voltage between inputs VIN+ VIN- voltage (ZA) instrumentation amplifier Operational amplifier stage (OP1) operational amplifier stage (OP1) permits variable amplification output signal. gain GGAIN external resistors (see Figure Protective circuitry against overvoltage integrated into chip, limiting voltage value reference voltage. output voltage tapped control purposes (VOP). This calculated VOUTIA GGAIN with GGAIN where VOUTIA externally accessible connected internally input. Zero adjust stage zero adjust stage enables negative signal raised maximum -400mV instrumentation amplifier input adding additional voltage VZA. zero setting which practically offset free with regard following circuit modules thus achieved, example. following applies: VOUTIA
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
stage stage permits adjustment offset output current IOUTmin 0mA. Together with converter effects output current IOUT. (SET) offset current ISET (IOUT) e.g. with help internal voltage reference external voltage divider shown Figure example. Voltage-to-current converter (V/I converter) voltage-to-current converter (V/I converter) compares voltage drop across external sensing resistor with value VSET GSET uses result regulate transistor generates suitable signal output (IOUT) which activates external transistor This turn supplies output current IOUT accepts power dissipation output stage. External resistor permits output current finely adjusted. output current IOUT amplified following ratio applies:
with
(3)/(4)
where input voltage converter VSET voltage (SET). Reference voltage source reference voltage source (bandgap voltage source) enables voltage supplied external components (such sensors, microprocessors, etc.). reference voltage value VREF using (VSET). connected, VREF switched ground, VREF 10V. Values between these external resistors used (inserted between (VREF) (VSET) between (VSET) GND).
External capacitor stabilizes reference voltage. must connected even voltage reference use. undershoot given minimum value.
Additional operational amplifier additional operational amplifier used current voltage source supply external components. OP2's positive input must connected internally bandgap voltage that output voltage CVREF across wide range using external resistors. individual modules described separately specifications. reference voltage source operational amplifier operated independent circuit elements modules. Instrumentation amplifier operational amplifier converter form unit within circuit have task converting voltage input signal into required output current.
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
OPERATING AM452
3-wire applications general
AM452 function both 3-wire operation through external contacting, important first differentiate between versions circuit. 2-wire operation ground "virtual" (floating), with constant load resistance supply voltage changes according current. following equation generally applied 2-wire operation:
(VIN
reason this that 2-wire operation connected series actual load resistor This illustrated Figure 2-wire system power consumption overall system (AM452 plus external components including signal source adjusting resistors) more than IOUTmin (e.g. 4mA). 3-wire operation Equation longer applies ground connected ground system. 3-wire operation supply voltage expressed
2-wire system signal source conditioning
Ground
IOUT
3-wire system signal source conditioning
Ground
IOUT
Ground
Ground
Figure basic difference between 3-wire circuit
difference between Ground must clearly acknowledged!
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
Differences AM452 circuitry with 3-wire applications
3-wire connection
Stage
Stage
Converter
Converter
2-wire connection
IOUT
IOUT
Ground
Ground
Figure Differences 2-and 3-wire circuitry conjunction with AM452
AM452 constructed such that changing external circuitry suitable both 2-wire 3-wire operation. 3-wire operation (see Figure right) IC's connection ground (pin GND) connected system ground (Ground) which applied externally. System supply voltage connected (VCC) (RS+). Supply current then flows directly into AM452 (power consumption). 2-wire operation (see Figure left) system supply voltage connected (RS+) (VCC) (RS-). overall current including supply current then flows enabling relevant voltage drop used regulate transistor IC's connection ground (GND) contacted node between resistor load resistor (current output IOUT). ground thus same ground system (Ground). output signal tapped load resistor which links system output IOUT ground system.
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
Selecting supply voltage
"System" supply voltage needed operate AM452 dependent selected mode operation. word "system" here refers plus external circuitry. When using current output (IOUT) conjunction with external transistor dependent relevant load resistor used application. following then applicable minimum system supply voltage
Here, IOUTmax stands maximum output current VCCmin minimum supply voltage which dependent selected reference voltage:
VREF
3-wire version load resistance limited RLmax condition: VOUT 18V. Equation also valid 2-wire version; here, however, RLmax limitation does apply. Here, load resistor RLmax when 24V.
VCCmin IOUTmax
VCCmin RLmax IOUTmax 20mA
Operating range
Equation Figure ohmic resistance power supply lines taken into consideration. This entered additive quantity (IOUT calculation Equation (7).
Figure Working range conjunction with load resistor 3-wire operation
Setting offset output current range
When adjusting AM452 preset should first made. this offset output current compensated for, which inputs first short-circuited (VIN then both permitted potential (c.f. CMIR ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS). With short-circuit input following derived from Equations when voltage divider from taken into account reference voltage VREF (see Figure example):
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
with
VREF VREF
output current range (e.g. 16mA) selection external resistors fine adjustment with Output current IOUT then calculated
with GGAIN
(10)
offset AM452 signal source input amplifier (IA) such that cannot ignored, when setting output current range (gain) (VIN also changes. This shift must possibly accounted making fine adjustment offset signal source input amplifier relevant required degree precision, Equations (10) continue apply.
OPERATING AM452: IMPORTANT POINTS NOTE
When using AM452 imperative that external capacitor ceramic capacitor) always connected. Care must taken that value capacitor does exceed range values given boundary conditions also within temperature range (see Table 2-wire operation ceramic capacitor must also used. AM452 function blocks required application (OP2 VREF) must placed defined (and allowed) operating state. voltages inputs (pins IN-) must always within input voltage range CMIR. current output load resistance maximum permissible 3-wire operation. values external resistors must selected within permissible range given boundary conditions. tolerances resistors their temperature coefficients entered into overall error. order avoid temperature gradients imperative that transistor placed enough away from AM452 that sufficient temperature outlet ensured. 2-wire setup with minimum output (offset) current IOUT current balance (the total domestic power supply across temperature range IOUT min) connected components (such sensors) must taken into account.
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
applications where IOUT (e.g. 4mA) both 3-wire applications following condition applies input values:
where VFS.IA maximum input signal VOS.IA
positive offset input
signal source and/or input amplifier have negative offset this compensated using corrective voltage suitable voltage divider Figure
DIMENSIONING
possible dimensioning methods suggested here. Dimensioning external components according equations given data sheet Dimensioning according equations given data sheet enables modules used, making possible setup adapted suit most diverse application requirements. rule offset AM452 input signal must taken into account. input signal offset present offset current IOUT required, following boundary condition then applies:
where VFS.IA maximum input signal
VOS.IA positive offset input (see: chapter before). Should signal source have negative offset, offset (ZA) voltage divider (see Figure Equation forms basis other equations this particular case. offset negligible, Equations (10) apply. following applications further details.
Dimensioning AM452's external components using Excel spreadsheet
AM452's external components also dimensioned with help Excel spreadsheet Kali_AM452.xls when input signal positive (see [3]). algorithm such that offset output current only (ZA) zero adjust stage. stage active. full-scale output current 20mA using gain setting. calibration process also based condition that output signal should 4.20mA current loop signal 2-wire operation.
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
algorithm upon which based program also accounts spec. tolerances components connected
APPLICATIONS
Typical 3-wire application with differential input signal
calculation dimensioning resistors 3-wire operation (see Figure IC's connection ground (pin GND) connected system ground (Ground) which applied externally. System supply voltage connected RS+. this configuration AM452's quiescent current does then flow resistor Figure depicts 3-wire application which differential output signal measuring bridge supplied with current amplified converted. Power supplied measuring bridge operational amplifier (c.f.: Using current source). assumed this application that negative differential input voltages occur. (ZA) thus connected ground GND.
3-wire-connection
AM452
Stage Voltage Reference
RSET
Converter
ZERO Stage
IOUT Ground
Figure illustrates typical 3-wire circuit with positive, differential input signal which used calibrated sensing elements, example. offset current using stage full scale gain OP1.
Figure 3-wire application differential input signals According Equations (10) following applies output current IOUT:
(11) (12)
GGAIN
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
Here, overall gain instrumentation amplifier (IA) back-end operational amplifier (OP1). ISET additional offset current which using voltage which raise output current converter constant value. Example 0.100mV differential, IOUT 4.20mA (3-wire) measuring bridge with signal 0.100mV (without offset) input external components should dimensioned such that output current IOUT 4.20mA. input signal offset negligible, resistors must determined. With voltage dividers sufficient calculate just resistors; other selected within stipulations given boundary conditions. this example value been selected VREF, with chosen With current 20mA voltage should drop typical value 540mV resistor following accrued: 0.02 0.54V (13)
With reference Equations (11) (12) values given Example following obtained: 0.02 0.1V
0.004
solving above system equations taking given defaults into account, following values computed 3-wire, 4-20mA current interface: 110.74k 0.600 59.12k 2.2µF
offset output current exactly component tolerances deviates from this value, voltage adjusted (SET) using voltage divider (see Figure output value thus corrected (c.f.: Offset compensation using voltage divider SET).
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
Typical 2-wire application with differential input signal
Example 0.100mV differential, IOUT 4.20mA (2-wire)
order determine system resistors must first determined. measuring bridge with signal 0.100mV (without offset) input external components AM452 circuitry should dimensioned such that output current range 4.20mA. AM452 configured such that entire current, including chip's quiescent current, flows through (example 2-wire application). Example freely selected within boundary conditions. this example value been chosen with selected VREF value been 33k. Applying Equations (12) (13) values follows:
0.02 (0.1V
0.004
GSET Stage
AM452
Voltage Reference
ZERO Stage
Converter
2-wire connection
ground: System ground: Ground
IOUT
different potentials!
Ground
Figure Typical 2-wire application differential input signals
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
solving above system equations taking given defaults external components into account, following values computed: 89.7k 0.900 74.48k 2.2µF 100nF
2-wire application particular attention must paid overall power consumption which exceed value across entire temperature range.
Here also possible correct offset output current using voltage divider stage input.
Offset compensation using voltage divider stage
offset value output current adjusted (pin voltage divider (see Figure internal offsets parasites, output current great 0.1mA, example (4.1mA 20.1mA), current must reduced this amount, i.e. ISET only 3.9mA. this example VREF Equation yields following:
VREF 3,9mA
Once been through equation 92.125k instead 89.7k. voltage (pin then just 257.4mV instead 264mV output current been reduced 0.1mA.
Stromquelle verschaltet
VREF
Spannungsreferenz verschaltet
AM452
AM452
Figure constant current source
Figure voltage reference
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
Using current source
additional operational amplifier easily configured constant current source. Using circuitry shown Figure following equation generated:
(14)
bridge symbol supposed represent component supplied with current (such piezoresistive sensing element temperature sensor, example).
Example: supply current set. Using Equation (14) below value accrued external resistor which determines quantity current:
Using voltage source
addition integrated voltage reference also used supply voltage external components such converters microprocessors, example. This permits lower supply voltages 3.3V, example, generated. following derived from circuitry Figure
CVREF
(15)
Example: voltage VCVREF 3.3V set. Using Equation (15) following ratio
provided external resistors
CVREF
Example values accrued resistors.
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
BLOCK DIAGRAM PINOUT
CVREF
CVSET
VSET VREF
AM452
RSIOUT
Voltage Reference
Converter
IN13
Figure Simplified block
GAIN
diagram
Figure Simplified block diagram
NAME CVREF CVSET GAIN IOUT VSET VREF
EXPLANATION Current/Voltage reference Current/Voltage reference Positive input Negative input Gain connected output Current output Sensing resistor Supply voltage Sensing resistor Reference voltage source Offset ground Reference voltage source output Output offset current
CVREF CVSET INGAIN IOUT
VREF VSET
Figure Pinout
Table Pinout
Values which measured pins have indices; name written capital letters.
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AM452 Voltage-to-current transducer with differential input
DELIVERY
AM452 available SO16(n)
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
Please data sheet website: package.pdf
FURTHER READING
Frame ASIC concept: http://www.Frame-ASIC.de/ following links refer Analog Microelectronics website: http://www.analogmicro.de/ Technical article: PR1012 AM462 Voltage-to-current converter 2-wire current loop applications Download: Kali_AM452.xls
NOTES
Analog Microelectronics reserves right make amendments dimensions, technical data other information herein without further notice.
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