MINIATURE SIGNAL RELAY FUNCTIONS NOTES CORRECT Document ER01

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MINIATURE SIGNAL RELAY FUNCTIONS NOTES CORRECT Document ER01

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User's Manual
MINIATURE SIGNAL RELAY
FUNCTIONS NOTES CORRECT
Document ER0144EJ3V0UM00 (3rd edition) Date Published December 2000 CP(K)
Printed Japan
1996
information this document based documents issued October, 2000 latest. information subject change without notice. actual design-in refer latest publications data sheet, etc., most up-date specifications device. part this document copied reproduced form means without prior written consent Corporation. Corporation assumes responsibility errors which appear this document. Corporation does assume liability infringement patents, copyrights other intellectual property rights third parties arising from device described herein other liability arising from such device. license, either express, implied otherwise, granted under patents, copyrights other intellectual property rights Corporation others. While Corporation been making continuous effort enhance reliability components, possibility defects cannot eliminated entirely. minimize risks damage injury persons property arising from defect electronic component, customers must incorporate sufficient safety measures design, such redundancy, firecontainment, anti-failure features. devices classified into following three quality grades: "Standard," "Special," "Specific". Specific quality grade applies only devices developed based customer designated "Quality assurance program" specific applications device depend quality grade, indicated below. Customers must check quality grade each device before using particular application. Standard: Computers, office equipment, communications equipment, test measurement equipment, audio visual equipment, home electronic appliances, machine tools, personal electronic equipment industrial robots Special: Transportation equipment (automobiles, trains, ships, etc.), traffic control systems, anti-disaster systems, anti-crime systems, safety equipment medical specifically designed life support) Specific: Aircrafts, aerospace equipment, submersible repeaters, nuclear reactor control systems, life support systems medical equipment life support, etc. quality grade devices "Standard" unless otherwise specified NEC's Data Sheets Data Books. customers intend devices applications other than those specified Standard quality grade, they should contact sales representative advance. (Note) "NEC" used this statement means Corporation also includes majorityowned subsidiaries. "NEC electronic component products" means electronic component product developed manufactured defined above). DE0102
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION PRODUCT CODE LEGEND CLASSIFICATION NEC's MINIATURE RELAYS
General Classification Operational Functions
Contact Arrangement Contact Material
NOTES CORRECT
General Connecting Contact Load (Minimum Load, Contact Protection Circuit) Driving Relays (Ambient Temperature, Maximum Applied Voltage, Start, Latching Relay, Drive Waveform, Non-operation Holding Voltages) Environments (Ambient Temperature, Humidity, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Pressure, Vibration Shock, Influence Magnetic Fields) Influence Relay Operation Surroundings (Electromagnetic Noise, Discharge, Generation Leakage Magnetic Flux) Mounting (Design Printed Circuit Boards, Relay Mounting Position, Mounting) Cleaning (Cleaning Solvent, Avoid Ultrasonic Cleaning) Handling Relays (Use Magazine Case Stoppers, Dropped Relay) Using Surface Mount Relays (Mounting Pad, Glue Pads, Solder Reflow
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS MEASUREMENT (Contact Resistance, Operate Voltage, Time Characteristics, Insulation Resistance, Breakdown Voltage) TERMINOLOGY
Terms Related Standards Supplements
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
[MEMO]
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
INTRODUCTION
Miniature signal relays widely used fields communications, measurement, factory automation. This document describes functions NEC's miniature signal relay points noted when using relay. Reading both this document Data Sheet each product recommended when using relay. further information, consult NEC. Proper functioning miniature signal relay requires appropriate circuit design, mounting evaluation according purpose use. Note that responsibility accidents caused improper circuit design, mounting evaluation falls cannot reponsible them.
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
PRODUCT CODE LEGEND
offers small, new, ultra small type miniature signal relays. product names these relays consist codes indicating function each relay. EA2-3 Option Latch type: None: Non-latch Single-coil latch type Double-coil latch type Nominal coil voltage: Value nominal coil voltage Series name
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
CLASSIFICATION NEC's MINIATURE RELAYS
General Classification NEC's miniature signal relays classified follows:
Electromechanical relay Miniature relay Miniature signal relay Miniature power relay Sealed contact relay Reed relay Mercury reed relay Solid-state relay
Figure Classification Relays Operational Functions This section describes operations coil, which input section relay, contacts, which constitute output section. Generally, when current flows through coil relay, contacts operate. contacts ordinary relay release when current ceases flow through coil. With some relays, however, contacts, once they have operated, remain "set" return original state even after current supplied coil removed. These relays called latching relays. (Incidentally, former type relay called non-latch type current holding type.) latching relay further divided into types classification coil: single coil latch type which only coil, double coil latch type, which coils. Relay operation Figures. through illustrate operations three types relays mentioned above using timing charts.
Non-latch type (current holding type)
Energized Coil energized
Operate Contacts Release
Figure Timing Chart Non-Latch Type
Single coil latch type
Energized Coil Contacts Reset energized Energized
Figure Timing Chart Single Coil Latch Type
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Double coil latch type
energized Energized energized
Coil Reset Coil
Energized
Contacts Reset
Figure Timing Chart Double Coil Latch Type illustrated these figures, contacts latching relay remain operate state even after input coil been removed. Therefore, this relay plays role memory circuit. Moreover, latching relay helps reduce power dissipation application circuit because coil needs energized time. Internal connections internal connections three types relays described below using NEC's representative model, series, example. When connecting coils, refer wiring diagram prevent mis-operation malfunction.
Non-latch type
Figure shows state where current flows through coil. When voltage applied pole shown Figure (b), contacts operate.
energized
Energized Figure Non-Latch Type Operation
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Single coil latch type
When voltage polarity specified figure (a)) coil applied coil figure (b)), contacts operate. Even after coil deenergized, contacts remain operate state (figure (c)). When voltage polarity specified reset coil applied coil, contacts release (figure (d)).
energized (reset state)
After voltage application (set state)
Return
energized (set state)
After voltage application (reset state)
Figure Single Coil Latch Type Operations
Double coil latch type
shown figure through (d), double coil latch type relay separate coils each which operates (sets) releases (resets) contacts.
energized (reset state)
After voltage applied coil (set state)
Returns
energized (set state)
After voltage applied reset coil (reset state)
Figure Double Coil Latch Type Operations
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Contact Arrangement contacts NEC's miniature signal relays divided into types: transfer contacts continuous contacts. Figure shows operation state each type contact.
Break contact Transfer contacts Common contact Before operation Common contact During operation Common contact After operation Make contact Break contact Make contact Break contact Make contact
Break contact Continuous contacts
Make contact
Break contact
Make contact
Break contact
Make contact
Common contact Before operation
Common contact During operation
Common contact After operation
Figure Operation States Each Contact Functions transfer contacts common contact transfer contacts touches make contact after been separated from break contact when relay operates. When relay releases, common contact separated from make contact comes contact with break contact. Therefore, when relay operates, there time during which common contact contact with either make break contacts (transfer time). this reason, transfer contacts also referred "break-before-make" (BBM) contacts. These operations illustrated timing chart below.
Energized Coil voltage energized
Break contact
Make contact
Operate time Bounce time Transfer time Transfer time Release time Bounce time
Figure Timing Chart Transfer Contacts
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
operate time time during which make contact comes contact with common contact
state) after coil been energized. This operate time includes transfer time during which common contact contact with either make break contacts. transfer time NEC's miniature signal relay several
electromechanical relay such miniature signal relay bounce time until contacts
completely closed. This bounce time NEC's miniature signal relay several several
Similarly, when relay released, therefore, when common contact separated from make
contact comes contact with break contact, transfer time bounce time exist. values these times same those when relay operates. relay this contact arrangement used switch over between circuits completely circuit free from influences other circuit. Functions continuous contacts common contact continuous contacts come contact with both make break contacts (continuous time). This illustrated timing chart figure 5.2.
Energized Coil voltage energized Break contact Make contact Bounce time Operate time Release time Bounce time
Continuous state
Continuous time
Continuous time
Figure Timing Chart Continuous Contacts shown this timing chart, common contact comes contact with make contact before break contact opened. this reason, continuous contacts also referred "make-before-break (MBB) contacts".
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relay this contact arrangement used continuously switch over from circuit shown figure where, when viewed from power source, there little deenergized state circuits instantaneously connected parallel.
Break contact Before operation Make contact During operation Circuit Power source Circuit After operation
Figure Contact Material
Example Continuous Contacts
contacts NEC's miniature signal relay made silver-nickel alloy (AgNi) case generalpurpose model. base metal contacts high-reliability model silver-palladium alloy (AgPd). silver-nickel alloy contact resistance excellent mechanical durability. silver-palladium alloy highly resistant corrosion, employed applications where high contact reliability required. gold alloy coated these silver alloys contact surface further improve reliability. ultrasonic cleaning type employs sliver radium moving break contact gold stationary contact. employing different metals like this, immunity adhesion external vibration improved.
Movable contact
Gold alloy overlay Base metal Base
Stationary contact
Normal type
Ultrasonic cleaning type
Figure Cross-Sectional View Contact
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NOTES CORRECT
General Never allow contact load exceed maximum ratings; otherwise, lifetime relay will dramatically shortened. lifetime specified catalog certain load conditions, other factors must taken into consideration actual circuits. Therefore, accurate lifetime must measured actual circuit. table below shows load current range guideline.
Current range GOOD Contacts unstable. Thermal electroApplication motive force contact noise should taken into consideration. 0.5A VERY GOOD 0.5A GOOD some cases Contacts stable highly reliable. Infrequent operation poses problem, frequent operation deteriorates contact stability. power relay preferred higher.
When using relay with high current high capacitance load, inrush current cause contact dislocation deposition; therefore check feasibility actual circuit. sure relay ambient temperature within maximum ratings; otherwise, life relay will radically shortened. outside specified temperature range unavoidable, consult NEC. With relay whose coil polarity specified internal circuit diagram, apply polarity rated voltage specified. Note that when rippled power source used, abnormalities such beat coil occur. Exercise care when handling relay apply shock drop flow soldering conditions seconds 250°C. When cleaning, alcohol, water-based solvent. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaning. necessary ultrasonic cleaning, product resistant such cleaning. Sonic noise occur during relay operation. Depending mounting position, sonic noise sound intolerable, sure check mounting position thoroughly prior use. Connecting Contact Load Minimum load relay voltage current higher than minimum load; otherwise, contact resistance will increase signal cannot correctly transmitted. addition, self-cleaning effect, which electrically mechanically eliminates minute substances generated contact surface when contacts opened closed, cannot expected.
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Contact protection circuit providing protection circuit that suppresses transient current voltage applied contacts when contacts opened closed, switching life relay improved. applicable protection circuit differs depending load type contacts.
Protection circuit classified load type
Inductive load With inductive load, when contacts opened break circuit, counter electromotive force generated. This voltage causes discharge between contacts. charged energy accelerates metal deposition wear contact surface. protection circuit therefore used absorb counter electromotive force.
Contacts open
Inductive load
Time
Figure Inductive Load Circuit
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Table shows examples protection circuits. Table Inductive Load Contact Protection Circuit
Protection element Circuit example Remarks
Inductive load
contact voltage
Capacitor resistor circuit)
c(µF) (0.5 contact current breakdown voltage non-polar capacitor should higher.
Inductive load
Varistor
Inductive load
High voltage suppressed using voltage characteristics varistor.
Diode Inductive load
attention reverse breakdown voltage diode.
Diode Zener diode Inductive load
time diode controlled using Zener voltage characteristic recovery time relay shortened.
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
Capacitive load Never connection with capacitor only shown table Table Examples Wrong Circuits Using Capacitiors WRONG
This circuit effective suppression when contacts opened, when contacts
WRONG
This circuit effective suppression when contacts opened, when contacts closed capacitor chargc Load
closed capacitor shortLoad
circuit current flows, making contacts more susceptible metal deposition.
current flows, making contacts more susceptible metal deposition.
Loads lamps like (inrush current) Some loads, such tungsten lamps, have initial resistance that inrush current times high steady-state current flow through relay power application. high inrush current also flow when relay used switch loads such motors, capacitors, electromagnetic solenoids. these cases, necessary keep current within maximum rated value. Therefore, current-limiting resistor connected contacts series.
Without current-limiting resistor Current With current-limiting resistor Contacts Lamp Power source Time
Figure Inrush Current Loads from Lamps Like
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Load with large stray capacitance wiring length circuit where relay used long, inrush current that generated stray capacitance poses problem. shown figure electric energy charged line capacitance discharged directly through contacts when contacts closed (ON). Generally, stray capacitance must taken into consideration wiring length reaches several tens meters. this case, current-limiting resistor surge suppressor coil connected series contacts suppress peak current.
Surge suppressor coil
Contacts Power source
Load
Wiring cable
Figure Stray Capacitance
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Driving Relays This section describes points noted when driving relay. Ambient temperature When NEC's relay used ambient temperature exceeding falling below range forth catalog, performance relay degraded life extremely shortened.
Generally, relay specified temperature range less than maximum ratings. Note, however,
that maximum must operate voltage coil changes with temperature, must confirmed before relay used (refer "Maximum applied voltage").
operating characteristics relay change with ambient temperature (refer figure below). Confirm
temperature condition application where relay used. characteristics relay, refer Technical Documents.
Changes must operate must release voltages
temperature
Changes operate release time
Must operate Must release
Operate Release
Ambient temperature (°C)
Ambient temperature (°C)
Figure Temperature Characteristics Relay (Example) Maximum applied voltage coil relay generates heat when energized; therefore, temperature which difference between designed maximum temperature relay ambient temperature permissible maximum heat temperature (voltage). Refer coil voltage temperature derating characteristics catalog. designed maximum temperature determined mainly coil wire materials permissible temperature plastic materials. coil wire NEC's miniature signal relay polyurethane copper wire, which Type JIS-C4003 whose permissible temperature 120°C.
Maximum applied voltage coil (ratio rated voltage)
Derating factor 45°C
85°C
Ambient temperature (°C)
Figure Coil Voltage Temperature Derating Characteristics (Example)
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start When temperature relay risen heat generated when relay been energized, relay operate even coil energized again immediately after been deenergized once. This because coil resistance increased when been energized first time. Consequently, reoperate relay, increased voltage must applied. This state called start. When relay used location where ambient temperature high, rated voltage relay cannot applied, appropriate countermeasures must taken against start. start voltage operate relay, refer Technical Documents each product. Non-operation holding voltages application circuit relay, relay must operate release certain voltage. this case, non-operation holding voltages relay must known. confirm variations operate voltage release voltage relay with NEC's Technical Documents other documents. necessary holding voltage non-operation voltage cannot secured because variations relay, special specification models readily available from NEC.
Degree distribution
Must release voltage
Must operate voltage
Must release voltage (rated)
Holding voltage
Non-must operate voltage
Must operate voltage (rated)
Rated voltage
Figure Example Distribution Relay Operate Voltage Drive waveform desirable that waveform voltage applied relay coil gradually increase decrease. voltage must instantaneously rise fall pulse. voltage gradually increases decreases, relay does perform snap action, fullest performance cannot attained.
Pulse
Correct
Incorrect (avoid) Non-pulse
Figure Relay Drive Waveform
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Drive circuit (latching relay) drive circuit latching relay especially important. Therefore, special attention needs paid drive circuit latching relay this section.
Since coil relay inductive impedance, counter electromotive force generated when
circuit opened. This voltage damage relay driver Therefore, with double coil latch type current holding relay, diode connected parallel with each coil, shown figure With single coil latching type relay, however, diode cannot used because current direction coil inverted. Therefore, driver circuit this relay must designed confirmed actual circuit.
coil
Reset coil
pulse
Reset pulse
Figure Drive Circuit Latching Relay (Example)
latching relay driven pulsating coil voltage. pulse width this drive voltage must
wider. pulse short, relay operate.
Apply voltage coil polarity specified internal connection diagram relay. With
double coil latching type relay, apply voltage manner that both reset coils energized same time.
latching relay factory-set reset state shipment. However, while being transported
vibration shock. Make sure that relay reset when application system starts operating. When relay employed portable system, circuit must designed that relay reset beginning operation system because relay unexpected vibration shock.
configuring self-holding circuit that uses self break contacts relay, note that coil drive
circuit disconnected self-contacts, causing problems such self oscillation. Connection coil diode case loads, such solenoid electromagnetic clutches, that produce large discharge energy when contacts opened, connect Zener diode drive transistor side. Particularly, diode connected coil parallel, counter electromotive force coil returns current gradually when relay released, thus slow down opening contacts, intensifying wear contacts. Opening/closing frequency contacts opened/closed frequently with high current load, repeated electric discharges cause contact metal deposition damage contact spring.When using relay with high current load with frequent opening/closing contacts, consult NEC.
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
Long continuous energizing coil coil energized continuously long time, coil temperature rise, promoting generation organic inside relay, which likely cause trouble contacts. When using circuit requiring constant operation, consider possibility using latching relay that does need continuous energizing coil. (10) Instantaneous voltage drop circuit When same power source used relay drive circuit load circuit circuit such lamp load circuit where inrush current flows, moment contacts closed source voltage drop power source capacitance small. this case, relay released oscillation phenomenon where relay repeatedly releases operates occur. power source capacitance smoothing circuit prevent this phenomenon. (11) Malfunctioning unwanted voltage Because miniature signal relay designed highly sensitive, operate mistake pulsating noise whose pulse width shorter than normal drive voltage applied coil short time. Therefore, exercise care that such unwanted voltage applied coil. device recovers from this phenomenon after coil voltage been removed, then contacts have operated, shown timing chart figure relationship between magnitude coil voltage that causes above phenomenon pulse width similar that illustrated below, however, this should confirmed with actual circuit. (Timing chart unwanted voltage) (Relation between pulse time width coil voltage)
Pulse time width (ms) Coil voltage Pulse time Contacts operate Recovery Operate Recovery
Ratio rated coil voltage
Figure Malfunctioning Unwanted Voltage
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(12) Momentary interception failure continuous contacts continuous contacts suitable applications where circuits must changed over time shorter than that transfer contacts because continuous contacts continuously switched. However, interception failure does occur application circuit because bounce contacts, thorough evaluation must made before continuous contacts actually used application. Because miniature signal relay little bounce, momentary power failure kept relatively short time. details, consult NEC. (Momentary interception failure evaluation circuit)
Power supply Current measuring resistor Contact current (operating status) Recovery Energization Coil voltage Continuous Operate Continuous
(Timing chart momentary interception failure)
Note momentary power failure occurs, voltage across resistor zero. Figure Momentary Power Failure Continuous Contacts
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Environments This section describes environments where relay should used. Ambient temperature Ensure that ambient temperature relay mounted device within "operating temperature range" catalog. relay temperature outside this range adversely affect insulation contact performance. relationship between ambient temperature relay drive conditions, refer NOTES DRIVING RELAYS. Humidity sealed type relay high dumidity (RH85% higher) environment long time introduce moisture inside relay. This moisture combine with generated glow dischanges produce nitric acid sulfuric acid. this case, acid produced corrode metal that forms relay, causing operation troubles relay. relay such high humidity environment unavoidable, consult advance. Atmosphere relay atmosphere with high concentration sulfur gases (H2S, SO2), nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), silicon vaporization gas, etc., cause imperfect contacts other functional trouble. Avoic relay such atmosphere. unavoidable, sealed type relay. Atmospheric pressure sealed type relay maintains constant sealability under normal pressures (810 1200 hpa). However, used under other pressure conditions, sealability destroyed relay deformed, causing functional trouble. sure relay under normal pressure conditions. Vibration shock vibration resistance shock resistance relay shown catalog relay under conditions other than those specified cause malfunctions damage. sure relay within those vibration shock conditions. Note that operation snap switch mounted close relay shock operation electromagnet cause malfunctioning. Influence magnetic fields magnetic circuit miniature signal relay constructed that relay does easily malfunction influence external magnetic fields. However, under influence magnetic flux leaking from transformer, speaker, magnet placed vicinity relay, must operate voltage, must release voltage, operate time, release time other dynamix characteristics change. applications where these characteristics changes pose problems, necessary take measure such magnetic shielding. Also, when many make them miniature signal relays closely located, magnetic flux leaking from those relays make them interfere with each other, causing changes must operate voltage, must release voltage, operate time, release time other dynamic characteristics. Figure shows examples mounting, magnetization, change must operate voltage signal relays series. applications where these characteristics changes pose problem, necessary reduce mounting density.
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
Changes must operate voltage
sample
Number samples each
Rate change must operate voltage
Maximum value Minimum value
Mounting method
Figure Dense Mounting
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Influence Relay Operation Surroundings Electromagnetic noise Switching relay coil generates high electromotive force induction. general, surge suppression circuit connected parallel with relay coil suppress generation this electromotive force. However, this suppression circuit appropriate, electronic circuits such microcontrollers malfunction surge generated. appropriate absorption circuit prevent electronic circuits from malfunctioning surge generated. discharge Connecting/disconnecting high current relay contacts generates discharge. This discharge cause electronic circuits such microcontrollers malfunction therefore necessary take appropriate measures. Generation leakage magnetic flux Leakage magnetic flux exists vicinity relay magnetized state. Mounting magnetic sensor, etc. close relay cause malfunctioning. Mounting Design printed circuit boards
electronic circuit such microcontroller placed close relay, noise generated relay
cause malfunctioning.
When designing patterns keep shortest possible distance wiring. printed circuit board which relay mounted, board more thickness.
printed circuit board thick enough, subject warpage which will tension relay, causing variations relay characteristics. Because flexible printed circuit borad particularly thin, necessary solder near root relay pins. Since preliminary soldering root part often insufficient, solder likely become loose.
thermal cycle applied soldered part, cracks generated Special care required
relay location, base material through hole shape. Relay mounting position vibration resistance shock resistance relay greatly affected mounting position. particularly important select mounting position prevent break contacts from being instantaneously vibration shock. vibration resistance shock resistance minimum when direction vibration shock applied relay matches operation direction armature (mobile iron piece) contacts. Therefore, possible anticipate direction vibration shocks, mount relay that direction which vibration shocks applied perpendicular direction relay armature operation figure shows direction relay armature operation.
Figure Direction Armature Operation
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Notes mounting
Chucking
When relay mounted using automatic machine, note that application excessive external force cover time chucking insertion relay damage change characteristics cover.
Temporary securing printed circuit board
Avoid bending pins temporarily secure relay printed circuit board. (Refer figure 20.) Bending pins degrade sealability adversely influence internal mechanism. bending allowed under certain conditions case miniature signal relays. Contact details.
Good example example
Figure Bending Relay Pins
Soldering work
following conditions recommended soldering relay onto printed circuit board. Automatic soldering: Flow solder recommended. <Recommended conditions> Preheating: 100°C max. min. max. Solder temperature: 250°C max. Solder time: seconds Manual soldering soldering iron): <Recommended conditions> Solder temperature: 350°C max. Solder time: seconds Ventilation immediately after soldering completed recommended. Avoid immersing board cleaning solvent immediately after soldering; otherwise thermal shock applied
cutting after soldering
pins relay with revolving blade ultrasonic cutter, because vibration that applied relay during cutting change relay characteristics.
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
Cleaning Cleaning solvent alcohol water-based cleaning solvents recommended. Never thinner benzene because these solvents damage relay housing. sealed type relay immerse-cleaned because solvent does penetrate inside relay. Avoid ultrasonic cleaning. Ultrasonic cleaning cause break coil wire sticking contacts energy vibration. ultrasonic cleaning with only models designed Handling Relays magazine case stoppers Relays packaged magazine cases shipment. When some relays taken from case space freed inside case, sure secure relays case with stopper. relays well secured, vibration during transportation cause contact problems.
Stopper Stopper
Push secure relays.
Figure Storage Magazine Case relays that have been dropped. individual relay product falls from work table, etc. shock 1000 more applied relay functions destroyed. Even shock apparently weak, confirm that there abnormality before using relay.
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Using Surface Mount Relays This section describes specific points noted when using surface mount relay. common points both types, refer previous section. Mounting Determine dimensions mounting pads printed circuit board taking into consideration such factors solderability, insulation, mounting variations automatic mounter. dimensions mounting pads forth catalog relay reference.
9.56
2.54 10.16
(Tolerance ±0.1)
Figure Dimensions Relay Mounting (Example Series)
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Solder reflow surface mount relay highly resistant heat. However, solder relay under correct temperature conditions that full performances relay attained. (infrared reflow soldering) (vapor phase soldering) methods recommended. addition, reflow soldering also used. Whichever soldering method used, sure confirm temperature conditions soldering influences soldering relay advance.
Tmax.:
Temperature (°C)
sec.
sec. sec.
Tmax. Temperature (°C) 200°C max. 165°C max. 100°C max.
max. max.
Figure Solder Reflow Temperature Conditions (Example Series) Long-term storage Problems with airtightness occur solder heat after moisture absorption. sure follow description below when storing relays. storage humidity must more than relay must used within months. When storing more than months, storage humidity must more than relay must used witthin months.
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS MEASUREMENT
This chapter describes some methods measure electrical characteristics relay. methods introduced here examples. conduct acceptance tests, consult NEC. These measurement methods conform JIS-C5442 (testing methods small electromagnetic relays control applications). Contact resistance
resistance between contacts when they closed (ON) measured voltage drop method.
supply voltage (voltage between pins when contacts open) measurement current with controlling current limit resistance decreasingly. simple method, ohmmeter Hewlette-Packard (HP-4338A).
measure resistance make contact, apply rated voltage coil.
contact resistance value including conductor resistance pins.
Relay Nominal coil voltage
Figure Measuring Contact Resistance Operation voltages (must operate must release voltages)
Apply pulsating voltage coil observe contact state. generate coil voltage,
programmable power supply convenient. observe contact state, apply potential signal contacts input inverter observe changes output state (voltage drop when contacts closed, supply voltage when contacts open).
Programmable power supply Relay
Inverter
Contact potential signal
Personal computer (I/O port used)
Contact signal
Figure Measuring Operation Voltages
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measure must operation voltage, gradually increase pulse voltage applied coil. measure
must release voltage, decrease coil voltage stepwise from rated voltage certain value.
pulsating voltage cannot obtained easily, slope voltage. this case, however, measured
value will accurate.
Voltage Rating (Pulse) Must operate
Must release Time
Voltage Rating Must operate (Slope) Must release
Time
Figure Measuring Waveform Operation Voltage (Coil Voltage) Time characteristics (operate time release time)
Apply pulse voltage coil measure time difference required contacts change their
states.
single pulse with pulse width best coil voltage. However, repetitive pulse
about also used. observe contact state, connect load oscilloscope.
time characteristics non-latch type (current hold type) relay measured with following
circuit. Apply voltage both positive negative directions single coil latch type relay. With double coil latch type, apply voltage reset coils alternately.
Load resistance
Pulse generator, etc.
Load voltage
Oscilloscope
Figure Measuring Time Characteristics
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Insulation resistance
Measure electric resistance between insulated conductors with megohmmeter.
measurement voltage Vdc. measured value changes with ambient temperature (the insulation resistance decreases temperature rises). Measure under standard conditions (temperature: 35°C, relative humidity: 15%).
Measure insulation resistance following relay pins:
Between opposing contacts (with make contact energized, break contact energized) Between adjacent contacts Between coil contact Between coils double coil latch type (between coil reset coil) Between ground contact between ground coil with relay with ground Breakdown voltage
Apply surge voltage voltage between insulated conductors confirm that breakdown does
occur.
breakdown voltage tester apply specified voltage sample minute.
detection break current (that detects breakdown protect sample from damages) According JIS, test which 110% specified voltage applied sample second used instead there problem measurement.
Measure breakdown voltage same pins those which insulation resistance measured.
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TERMINOLOGY
This chapter describes major technical terms forth Data Sheet, related manuals. Terms Related Standards terms used NEC's catalogs connection with standards performances follows: Nominal coil voltage standard voltage applied coil relay. Coil resistance resistance coil. Usually measured 25°C. tolerance ±10% usually applies. Maximum coil voltage maximum voltage that applied coil. Usually, ambient temperature specified condition. Coil temperature rise Rise coil temperature given input (power voltage). Power dissipation rating coil product coil voltage rating coil current. Normal power dissipation operate relay. Contact resistance Resistance between contacts closed (ON). Actually, this contact resistance conductor resistance. maximum initial value delivery) usually forth catalog. Maximum switching voltage Maximum voltage switchable with relay contact. peak value indicated catalog under load. effective value (rms) indicated under load. Maximum switching current Maximum current switchable with relay contact. Maximum switching power Maximum load power switchable with relay contact. value under load expressed that under load expressed Maximum carry current Maximum current that flow between contacts when contacts closed. Minimum switching power Minimum load power through relay contact necessary normal operation. Expressed minimum values voltage current.
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Must operate voltage Minimum voltage required place make contact operate state from release state. Normally, contact should driven rectangular waveform voltage. maximum value specified. case latching relay, this term means voltage (set voltage) that required place relay state from reset state. Must release voltage Maximum voltage place relay release state (the break contact closed) from operate state (refer (2)). minimum value specified. case latching relay, maximum value necessary placing relay reset state from state, expressed reset voltage. maximum value specified. Operate time Time required contact operate (the make contact closed) after voltage (control input) been applied coil. With latching relay, time required relay enter state after voltage been applied coil (the make contact closed). Usually, applied voltage should rectangular waveform. Release time Time required relay enter release state (the break contact closed) after coil been deenergized. With latching relay, time required relay enter reset state after voltage been applied coil (the break contact closed). Usually, applied voltage should rectangular waveform. Insulation resistance Resistance between parts electrically independent each other, such between contact coil. Usually, this specifies insulation resistances between coil contact pin, between open contact pins, between adjacent contact pins relay more contacts). addition, insulation resistance between pins contacts that open operate state also specified. minimum value specified. Breakdown voltage Threshold value which breakdown does occur when voltage applied between pins, similar insulation resistance. Usually, breakdown voltage tested minute current value that defines breakdown minimum value specified. Shock resistivity (mechanical malfunction durabilities) Threshold value indicating that abnormality occurs even when semi-sine wave pulsating mechanical shock been applied relay. Even after shock been applied, contacts that have been opened close contacts that have been closed opened. Vibration resistivity (mechanical malfunction durabilities) same manner shock, threshold value when sine-wave vibration been repeatedly applied relay.
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Operating temperature range Temperature range which stable performances relay drawn out. Usually, coil voltage rating specified coil input, contact load specified maximum value. Mechanical life Life expressed number operations that performed when nominal coil voltage applied relay with contacts loaded relay operated rated operating frequency. Electrical life Switching life contacts expressed number operations measured when rated voltage applied relay relay operated rated operating frequency with rated load applied contacts.
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Supplements This section provides supplementary information miniature signal relay. Safety standards Safety standards regulated many countries prevent electric shock fire resultant from operation electric products. These agencies include bodies such Electric Products Regulation Japan, USA, Canada, Germany. However, Electric Products Regulation does apply signal relays because their rated voltage lower than supply voltage commercial power sources relay used switch primary side commercial power sources. Nevertheless, offers UL-approved CSA-approved models miniature signal relays series. approval file number each standard common, follows: E73266, CSA:LR46266 Note that indicated ratings CSA-approved models different from absolute maximum ratings. Plastic sealing plastic sealing type relay consists relay constituents such contacts, springs, coil fixed base housed case with between base case sealed with epoxy resin (plastic). NEC's signal relays this plastic sealing type. performances. Except some special models, NEC's relays filled with nitrogen instead stabilize contact
Epoxy resin
Life
life relay refers life contacts. This because life contacts limited wear deposition contact metal. specify life, certain load condition must defined. NEC's catalogs, life specified under several representative load conditions. increase contact resistance non-separation contacts (i.e., contacts cannot opened) account major part failures.
Case (cover)
Base
Figure Plastic sealing
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
Contact noise Immediately after contacts have been closed, surfaces contacts come contact with each other mechanically electrically. However, contact spring that holds contact vibrating repulsive energy that been generated when contacts have collided. this time, because contact spring vibrates near magnetic circuit relay, electromotive force generated magnetic induction. Generally, peak-to-peak voltage several several generated, which gradually decreases toward zero. This vibration spring pose problem when relay used scanning system that switches minute signals high speeds.
Time
Time
Figure Example Waveform Contact Noise Twin contact contact bifurcated armature shown below called twin contact. merit twin contact that even when foreign objects collect surface contact, other contact normally operate therefore, faulty contact does occur. NEC's miniature signal relays employ this twin contact.
Contact
Contact spring
Contact
Figure Shape Twin Contact
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00
Part68 This Part68 communications standards that regulates terminal equipment connected public telephone circuits. This standard requires that relay used circuit terminal withstand certain value surge voltage have certain breakdown voltage. following figure table show specific values surge breakdown voltages. [Surge voltage]
VMAX.
100%
Condition
VMAX.
(µs)
(µs)
VMAX 1500 2500
Time
Figure Surge Voltage Waveform [Applied voltage] Condition 1000 (sine wave effective value) Condition 1500 (sine wave effective value) above voltage must applied between opening contacts, between adjacent contacts, between coil contact relay prove that relay problem.
User's Manual ER0144EJ3V0UM00

MINIATURE SIGNAL RELAY FUNCTIONS NOTES CORRECT Document ER01

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