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PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks Product Type: Name: Manufacturer: PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks for Standard Part Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Safe Automation Document Release Number: Release Date: 02 5 August 2010 Application Note - No. 1002012_EN_02 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt Document Revision History 126 pt 140 pt Release Date Changes Chapter 154 pt 01 2009-11-18 Creation all 168 pt 02 2010-08-05 Adjustments for publication on Pilz website only editorial 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt Exclusion of liability 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt We have taken great care in compiling our application note. It contains information about our company and our products. All statements are made in accordance with the current status of technology and to the best of our know-ledge and belief. However, we cannot accept liability for the accuracy and entirety of the information provided, except in the case of gross negligence. In particular it should be noted that statements do not have the legal quality of assurances or assured properties. We are grateful for any feedback on the contents. 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt August 2010 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt All rights to this publication are reserved by Pilz GmbH & Co. KG. We reserve the right to amend specifications without prior notice. Copies may be made for the user's internal purposes. The names of products, goods and technologies used in this manual are trademarks of the respective companies. 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 2/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt Support 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt Technical help round the clock! Technical support is available from Pilz round the clock. This service is provided free of charge beyond standard business hours. 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt Americas Brazil +55 11 8245-8267 Mexico +52 55 5572 1300 USA (toll free) +1 877-PILZUSA 877-PILZUSA (745-9872) 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt Asia China +86 21 62494658-216 Japan +81 45 471-2281 Korea +82 2 2263 9540 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt Australia Australia +61 3 95446300 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt Europe Austria +43 1 7986263-0 Belgium, Luxembourg +32 9 3217575 England +44 1536 462203 France +33 3 88104000 Germany +49 711 3409-444 Ireland +353 21 4804983 Italy +39 031 789511 Scandinavia +45 74436332 Spain +34 938497433 Switzerland +41 62 88979-30 The Netherlands +31 347 320477 Turkey +90 216 5775552 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt You can reach our international hotline on: 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt +49 711 3409-444 or mailto:support@pilz.com 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG Safe Automation Felix-Wankel-Straße 2 73760 Ostfildern, Germany 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt Telephone: +49 711 3409-0 Telefax: +49 711 3409-133 pilz.gmbh@pilz.de E-Mail: Internet: www.pilz.com 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 3/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt Contents 126 pt 140 pt 1. Useful documentation . 5 154 pt 1.1. Documentation from Pilz GmbH & Co. KG . 5 1.2. Documentation from other sources of information . 5 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 2. Introduction . 5 210 pt 224 pt 3. ByteOfBits . 6 238 pt 252 pt 4. BitsOfByte . 6 266 pt 280 pt 5. BitOfDWord . 7 294 pt 308 pt 6. INT_to_BCD . 7 322 pt 336 pt 7. Latch . 8 350 pt 364 pt 8. MaxOf_SEn . 8 378 pt 392 pt 9. MinMax . 9 406 pt 420 pt 10. OutsideLimits . 10 434 pt 448 pt 11. WithinLimits . 11 462 pt 476 pt 12. OffsetAdd. 12 490 pt 504 pt 13. LIFO_FIFO. 14 518 pt 532 pt 14. RToggle. 16 546 pt 560 pt 15. DiffTrigger. 17 574 pt 588 pt 16. PulseRetrig . 17 602 pt 616 pt 17. GeneratorSq . 18 630 pt 644 pt 18. PatternGen1. 18 658 pt 672 pt 19. PatternGen4. 20 686 pt 700 pt 20. Contr3P . 22 714 pt 728 pt 21. PulseUpT . 28 742 pt 756 pt 22. RevContCirc . 29 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 4/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 1. Useful documentation 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt Reading the documentation listed below is necessary for understanding this application note. The avaibility of the indicated tools and safe handling are also presupposed with the user. 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 1.1. Documentation from Pilz GmbH & Co. KG 210 pt No. Description Item No. 224 pt 1 Pilz international homepage, download section www.pilz.com 238 pt 2 252 pt 3 266 pt 4 280 pt 5 294 pt 6 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 1.2. Documentation from other sources of information 350 pt No. 364 pt 1 378 pt 2 Description Item No. 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 2. Introduction 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt This application note provides the description on a number of functions and function blocks which may be useful for writing applications for the Pilz Automation System PSS4000 PSS4000 using the programming tool PAS4000 PAS4000. 504 pt 518 pt The blocks are intended to be used in the standard part of the PSS4000 PSS4000 automation system. 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt As the blocks described here are subject to an application note which shall provide examples on the possible use of the automation system PSS4000 PSS4000 we cannot guarantee any assured properties for these blocks. 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt In addition to this manual the source code of the blocks, which are described in the following, can be opened with a unzip program from the attached File by a double-click on this icon. 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt NOTE: It is not possible to open or save a *.zip File from the attachments with Adobe Reader. >> For open or save this file, please use PDF-XChange Viewer ( www.docu-track.com ). 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt Alternatively the file can be obtained from Pilz Technical Support (mailto: support@pilz.de) Subject: Application Note 1002012 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 5/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 3. ByteOfBits 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt This function block returns a data byte which is composed of the bits applied to block inputs b0 to b7. Input b7 is MSB, input b0 is LSB in the output data byte. 168 pt 182 pt Block type: Function Block ByteOfBits 196 pt Input b0 :BOOL input Bit 0 b1 :BOOL input Bit 1 238 pt b2 :BOOL input Bit 2 252 pt b3 :BOOL input Bit 3 266 pt b4 :BOOL input Bit 4 b5 :BOOL input Bit 5 308 pt b6 :BOOL input Bit 6 322 pt b7 :BOOL input Bit 7 bYTEoUT :BYTE b7-b6-.-b1-b0 210 pt 224 pt 280 pt 294 pt 336 pt Output 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 4. BitsOfByte 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt This function block returns individually all bits of a data byte which is applied to block input InByte. Input b7 is MSB of the input byte, input b0 is LSB of the input byte. 462 pt 476 pt Block type: Function Block BitsOfByte 504 pt Input inByte :BYTE input data byte 518 pt Output b0 :BOOL Bit 0 of input byte b1 :BOOL Bit 1 of input byte b2 :BOOL Bit 2 of input byte 574 pt b3 :BOOL Bit 3 of input byte 588 pt b4 :BOOL Bit 4 of input byte 602 pt b5 :BOOL Bit 5 of input byte b6 :BOOL Bit 6 of input byte b7 :BOOL Bit 7 of input byte 490 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 6/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 5. BitOfDWord 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt With this function, it is possible to `filter' (extract) a bit out of the Double Word that is entered as an input parameter (`InDWord'). The result of the function is `bool'. Input BitNo defines which bit of the input word shall be extracted (BitNo=0 -> Bit0; BitNo=1 -> Bit1). The input parameter `BitNo' has to be within limits 0 . 31. Values outside this limits generate an error code. 224 pt 238 pt Block type: Function BitOfDWord: BOOL 252 pt Input InDWord :DWORD input data BitNo :INT bit number 0.31 which is to be extracted :BOOL output bit 266 pt 280 pt Output 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt Diagnostics Static internal variables for diagnostics Error_Code :INT When input-parameter (`BitNo') is outside the foreseen limits [ 0 . 31 ], following error-code is returned: BitNo < 0 Error_Code = 1 BitNo > 31 Error_Code = 2 Examples Suppose : InDWord := 2#1000_0001_0000_0100_0101_0110_0100_0001 · · BitOfDWord (InDWord, 6) = `1' BitOfDWord (InDWord, 1) = `0' 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 6. INT_to_BCD 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt This function converts a numerous INT data format to BCD coded data. The range of INT data is 0~99, otherwise it will return the number 255. 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt Block type: Function INT_to_BCD: BYTE Input INTIn Output :INT input data; must be in the range of 0~99 :BYTE BCD coded output data 672 pt 686 pt Examples 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt testVar1 : = INT_to_BCD(57) Result: testVar1 = 87 (* 0011_1001 -> decimal 57 *) (* BCD 57 -> 0101_0111*) testVar2 : = INT_to_BCD(100) (* 100 is out of range*) Result: testVar2 = 255 (* The result will be 16#FF*) 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 7/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 7. Latch 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt This function block passes through the signal from the input DataI to the output DataO, as long as input L_En =TRUE. Once the input L_En detects a falling edge the output stores the data value applied to the input at this moment. The output keeps this data value, it does not follow anymore the changes of the input signal. The "latched" output can be reset by the input Res at any time, i. e. the output is set to the actual value of DataI and the output follows then the input value again. 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt Input L_En: TRUE: DataO = DataI FALSE (falling edge): hold DataO -> DataO = DataI (at f-edge time). 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt Block type: Function Block Latch 294 pt Input DataI :BOOL input data L_En :BOOL latch enable Res :BOOL resets the output DataO :BOOL output data 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt Output 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 8. MaxOf_SEn 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt MaxOf_SEn -> maximum of "some" inputs with selective enable capability. 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt This function returns the maximum value of up to three inputs In1.In3. These inputs can be enabled or disabled by the inputs En1.En3. If an enable input (En1.En3) is FALSE the assigned input (In1.In3) is ignored. This allows to select which of the input signals (In1.In3) are to be used for the interpretation of the biggest value out of 1 or 2 or 3 which is to be returned by the function. By this it is also possible to force only one input to be returned by the function which gives the possibility to check (by return value) the individual value of each input signal. 574 pt 588 pt If all Enable inputs are FALSE the function returns zero. 602 pt 616 pt Block type: Function MaxOf_SEn: DWORD Input In1 :DWORD Input variable 1 658 pt In2 :DWORD Input variable 2 672 pt In3 :DWORD Input variable 3 686 pt EN1 :BOOL Enable signal for Input variable 1 (IN1) EN2 :BOOL Enable signal for Input variable 2 (IN2) EN3 :BOOL Enable signal for Input variable 3 (IN3) :DWORD Returns maximum value of the enabled inputs 630 pt 644 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt Output 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 8/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt Examples 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt MaxOf_SEn (5, 14, 9, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE) = 14 MaxOf_SEn (5, -14, 9, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE) = 9 MaxOf_SEn (5, 14, 9, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE) = 9 MaxOf_SEn (5, 14, 9, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE) = 0 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 9. MinMax 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt This function block stores the minimal and maximum value of an input signal until they are deleted by a reset signal. This reset signal sets the Min and Max outputs to the actual input value which is present at reset time. 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt Block type: Function Block MinMax Input In :DINT input value Res :BOOL reset input Minimum Maximum :DINT minimum value of input signal :DINT maximum value of input signal 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt Output Examples Test_MinMax(In:= 40, Res:= True, Min => TestMinVar, Max => TestMaxVar) Result: TestMinVar=40, TestMaxVar=40 Test_MinMax(In:= 100, Res:= False, Min => TestMinVar, Max => TestMaxVar) Result: TestMinVar=40, TestMaxVar=100 Test_MinMax(In:= 20, Res:= False, Min => TestMinVar, Max => TestMaxVar) Result: TestMinVar=20, TestMaxVar=100 Test_MinMax(In:= -30, Res:= True, Min => TestMinVar, Max => TestMaxVar) Result: TestMinVar=-30, TestMaxVar=-30 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 9/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 10. OutsideLimits 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt This function checks wether the input value in is outside of the limit values High and Low. outsidelimits is TRUE if In>high or Inhigh or in 40 Error_Code = 2 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt Restrictions Number of registers : 40. However, this can be adapted when needed. Number of storage cells : 32. However, this can be adapted when needed. Multiple use of the input-parameter `Nr_Reg' 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt Examples Following example shows the functionality of a FIFO with 10 storage cells: 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt FIFO Cell No Value 1 12 2 15 3 1 4 8 5 23 6 41 7 17 8 6 9 30 10 - · DataI = 55 · R_W = 1 (write) · Enable Write 574 pt · 588 pt Filling direction R_W = 0 (read) · FIFO Cell No Value 1 55 2 12 3 15 4 1 5 8 6 23 7 41 8 17 9 6 10 30 Enable 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt Read FIFO Cell No Value 1 12 2 15 3 1 4 8 5 23 6 41 7 17 8 6 9 10 - Output data DataO = 30 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 15/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt Following example shows the functionality of a LIFO with 10 storage cells: 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt LIFO Cell No Value 1 12 2 15 3 1 4 8 5 23 6 41 7 17 8 6 9 30 10 - · DataI = 84 · R_W = 1 (write) · Enable Write LIFO Cell No Value 1 84 2 12 3 15 4 1 5 8 6 23 7 41 8 17 9 6 10 30 Filling direction 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt · R_W = 0 (read) 308 pt · Enable 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt Read 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt FIFO Cell No Value 1 15 2 1 3 8 4 23 5 41 6 17 7 6 8 30 9 10 - Output data DataO = 12 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 14. RToggle 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt This function block toggles (i. e. inverts) the output signal at the output Out every time when a rising edge signal is detected at the input Clk. By the input Res the output Out can be reset at any time (to FALSE). 574 pt 588 pt Block type: Function Block RToggle 602 pt Input Clk :BOOL input signal Res :BOOL resets output Out :BOOL output signal 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt Output 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 16/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 15. DiffTrigger 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt This function block sets the output Out = TRUE for the duration of one PLC-cycle when the value on the input Clk changes. The output Diff indicates the difference value caused by the change of input data. 182 pt 196 pt Block type: Function Block DiffTrigger 210 pt Input In 224 pt 238 pt Output Diff 252 pt :DINT input signal, function block checks if In changes or not Out :BOOL output signal; TRUE for the duration of one PLC-cycle :DINT difference value caused by the change of input data 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt Examples *The first time to use the function block. Test_ DiffTrigger(In:= 20, Out => TestOutputVar, Diff => TestDiffVar) Result: TestOutputVar=False, TestDiffVar=20 Test_ DiffTrigger(In:= 500, Out => TestOutputVar, Diff => TestDiffVar) Result: TestOutputVar=TRUE for the duration of one PLC-cycle, TestDiffVar=480 Test_ DiffTrigger(In:= -500, Out => TestOutputVar, Diff => TestDiffVar) Result: TestOutputVar=TRUE for the duration of one PLC-cycle, TestDiffVar=-1000 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 16. PulseRetrig 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt This function block generates pulses with programmable periodic time. A pulse is generated when a rising edge at the input In is detected. The pulse generator can be retriggered, i. e. if the output Out is TRUE (caused by a previous rising edge input signal) the output pulse duration can be extended by a further rising edge signal at the input. The output Out is set to FALSE when the periodic time, specified on input Ptime has elapsed, even if the input In is still TRUE. Only a next rising edge signal at the input can initiate or extend a pulse. Output ElTime indicates the elapsed time of an output pulse since the last rising edge signal at the input. 630 pt 644 pt Block type: Function Block PulseRetrig 658 pt Input In 672 pt Ptime :TIME periodic time 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt :BOOL input signal Output Out :BOOL output pulse signal ElTime :TIME elapsed time since last input trigger 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 17/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 17. GeneratorSq 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt This function block generates a square wave signal with programmable periodic time. The pulse duty factor is fix at 50%. The input Ptime defines the periodic time value of the signal that is delieverd at the ouput Out. If no value is specified to the input parameter, the block generates a square wave with 500ms periodic time as a default. 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt Block type: Function Block GeneratorSq Input Output Ptime :TIME periodic time Out :BOOL output signal 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt Restrictions To avoid the task time interval influence and reach better precision on periodic time of the square wave, Ptime should be greater than Task Time Interval minimum 1 order of magnitude. 336 pt 350 pt Timing Diagram 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 18. PatternGen1 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt This function block generates a bit-serial output signal that reflects the bit pattern from the input Pattern. The pattern is put out bit-serial (starting from the less significant bit) once the input Enable is set to TRUE and is repeated as long as the input stays true. ( Enable = FALSE => Out = FALSE). The length of one bit at the output Out is defined by the input BitT. If no value is specified to the input parameter BitT, the block uses the default value of 500ms. If no value is specified to the input parameter Pattern, the block uses the default value 01010011. Any modification at the input parameters BitT or Pattern are accepted only when the input Enable is FALSE. If the input Enable is TRUE, any modification is ignored and accepted at the next change of the status of the input parameter Enable. 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 18/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 126 pt Block type: Function Block PatternGen1 Input Enable :BOOL enable input; if TRUE: Pattern_1 -> output Pattern :BYTE bit pattern 140 pt BitT 154 pt 168 pt Output :TIME time duration of one step (1bit) of pattern at output Out Out :BOOL bit-serial output of pattern at input Pattern 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt Restrictions The Task Time affects the Out because every step is the sum of BitT and of the Task Time. To avoid the Task Time influence BitT must be greater than Task Time Interval minimum 1 order of magnitude. 252 pt 266 pt Timing Diagram 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 19/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 19. PatternGen4 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt This function block generates a bit-serial output signal that reflects one of 4 possible bit pattern which are stored in internal static variables: Pattern_1, Pattern_2, Pattern_3 and Pattern_4. A pattern is put out bit-serial when at least one of the inputs En1.En4 is set to TRUE and is repeated as long as the input stays true. If all the inputs are FALSE, the output is FALSE. 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt The input enable signals are prioritized: - If EN1=TRUE then Pattern_1 is sent to output Out, other inputs (En2.En4) are not considered even if TRUE as well. - If EN1=FALSE and EN2=TRUE then Pattern_2 is sent to output Out, other inputs (EN3, EN4) are not considered even if TRUE as well. - If EN1=EN2=FALSE and EN3=TRUE then Pattern_3 is sent to output Out, input EN4 is not considered even if TRUE as well. - If EN1=EN2=EN3=FALSE and EN4=TRUE then Pattern_4 is sent to output Out. The length of one bit at the output Out is defined by the input BitT. If a new pattern is selected, this one will be read from the beginning. 336 pt 350 pt Block type: Function Block PatternGen4 Input En1 :BOOL enable 1; max.prio; TRUE: Pattern_1 -> output En2 :BOOL enable 2; 2 prio; TRUE: Pattern_2 -> output En3 :BOOL enable 3; 3 prio; TRUE: Pattern_3 -> output 434 pt En4 :BOOL enable 4; least prio; TRUE: Pattern_4 -> output 448 pt BitT :TIME Out :BOOL bit-serial output of the enabled pattern 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 462 pt Output nd rd time duration of one step (1 bit) of pattern at output Out 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt Static local variables (selection): Pattern_1 Pattern_2 Pattern_3 Pattern_4 Diagnostic :BYTE :BYTE :BYTE :BYTE :BYTE (bit pattern1) (bit pattern2) (bit pattern3) (bit pattern4) (contains error information, see below) 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt Errors messages in variable `Diagnostic': No error if "Bit x" is FALSE; Bit 0 = TRUE: error -> BitT = 0 Bit 1 = TRUE: error -> Pattern_1 = 0 Bit 2 = TRUE: error -> Pattern_2 = 0 Bit 3 = TRUE: error -> Pattern_3 = 0 Bit 4 = TRUE: error -> Pattern_4 = 0 Bit 5 to 7: Not used. Example: If Diagnostic = 0000 0101 ->There are problems on BitT and Pattern_2 values 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 20/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt Timing Diagram 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 21/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 20. Contr3P 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt By using this function block the user can realize a three-step regulator. The block provides two outupts Out1/ Out2 where output Out1 is set to TRUE when the input signal In falls below the switching value minus a hysteresis (Sw1-Hyst). The output Out1 is set to FALSE when In exceeds switching value 1 plus a hysteresis (Sw1+Hyst). The output stays then FALSE and is set to TRUE again only when the input In falls below switching value 1 minus a hystersis (Sw1-Hyst) again. 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt Output Out2 operates similar but vice versa to output 1 and uses as a switching value the value of input Sw2. Output Out2 is set TRUE when In exceeds switching value 2 plus a hysteresis (Sw2+Hyst). The output stays then TRUE and is set to FALSE again only when the input In falls below switching value 2 minus a hystersis (Sw2-Hyst). 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt By appropriately setting Sw1 and Sw2 and Hyst the user can realize a three-step regulator which switches on Out1 when the input signal falls below a certain value and switches on Out2 if the input signal exceeds a certain value. There is a then a range between these two situations, where both ouptus are switched off. 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt In this release it has been choose two different values for the hysteresis value: · Hyst1 (DINT type >=0) for SW1 · Hyst2 (DINT type >=0) for SW2 Hysteresis must be set to a value greater zero (hysteresis >=0) 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt Block type: Function Block Contr3P Input IN :DINT input signal 462 pt SW1 :DINT switching value for Out1 476 pt HYST1 :DINT hysteresis for switching values 1 490 pt SW2 434 pt 448 pt 504 pt HYST2 :DINT hysteresis for switching values 2 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt :DINT switching value for Out2 Output Out1 :BOOL FALSE: input In has exceeded (Sw1+Hyst1) & In>(Sw1-Hyst1) TRUE: input In falls below (Sw1-Hyst1) OR didn't exceed (Sw1+Hyst1) Out2 :BOOL (TRUE: input In has exceeded (Sw2+Hyst2) & In>(Sw2-Hyst2) FALSE: input In falls below (Sw2-Hyst2) OR didn't exceed Sw2+Hyst2) 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt Restrictions The values of Hyst1 and Hyst2 must be values >= 0. 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 22/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt Examples 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 23/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 24/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 25/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 26/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 27/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 21. PulseUpT 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt This function block measures the time for which the input signal is TRUE, i. e. the total elapsed time from the rising edge to the falling edge of the input signal. Start of measuring only by a rising edge on the input signal. The output ElapT returns the elapsed time (which is still running) since last rising edge of input signal. If input In=FALSE -> then ElapT=0. If the output ElapT exceeds the value defined by input Tmax the outputs are reset to zero. 210 pt 224 pt If no value is specified at the input parameter Tmax, the block uses 180s as default value. 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt Block type: Function Block PulseUpT Input In Tmax :TIME timeout 308 pt Res 322 pt 336 pt Output 350 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt :BOOL reset output values to zero PUpT :TIME time for which the input was TRUE ElapT :TIME elapsed time since last rising edge on input 364 pt 378 pt :BOOL input signal Restrictions The task time value must be 10ms. The minimum measurable time is 100ms. Timing Diagram 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 28/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 22. RevContCirc 126 pt 140 pt RevContCirc => Reversing Contactor Circuit (de: Wendeschützschaltung) 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt This function block controls the direction of a motor. The inputs LeftDir or RightDir (which are usually feeded from respective NO push buttons) switch on the associated output LOut or ROut. The outputs are controlling contactors which switch a motor on/off. It is always only one contactor on. The contactors circuit changes phases which leads to the wanted change in direction of the motor. 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt The user can switch from direction 1 directly to direction 2 without the need of previously shutting off by the input M_Off before the other direction can be activated by an input (LeftDir or RightDir). If direction is changed directly in this manner the output, which is just on, is switched off and the other output is switched on only after a delay time has elapsed. The delay time can be defined by input CD_T. The outputs (whichever is on) can be switched off by input M_Enable (the falling edge of the input switches off all outputs).The push button connected to this input must be a NC contact for error detecting in case of broken wire (M_Enable=TRUE -> Motor can be switched on in one (or the other) direction by inputs LeftDir or RightDir). 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt Contactor feedback is managed by implementing a feedback loop control which can be activated by input EnFbl. 392 pt 406 pt Block type: Function Block RevContCirc 420 pt Input Fuse 434 pt :BOOL motor protection switch; switches off all outputs M_Enable :BOOL switch off motor, i. e. both outputs off; NC contact 448 pt LeftDir :BOOL switch on direction 1 (left or up,etc.) with rising edge 476 pt RightDir :BOOL switch on direction 2 (right or down) with rising edge 490 pt CD_T :TIME 504 pt EnFbl :BOOL enable the use of contactor's feedback contacts Fbl_L :BOOL feedback loop from contactor for direction 1 (left) 546 pt Fbl_R :BOOL feedback loop from contactor for direction 2 (right) 560 pt FblD_T :TIME delay time after a contactor output state change for a check to the feedback contacts LOut :BOOL output for direction 1 ROut :BOOL output for direction 2 462 pt 518 pt 532 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt Output minimum off time at outputs on direction change LeftDir and RightDir are both high outputs low After any change from high to low on an output, the other output can go high only after the TIME CD_T, while the same output can go high at any Time A transition from low to high on an input must cause the same transition at the same moment on the corresponding output (if we are not in the cases menthioned above) high to low on the Fuse input force both outputs to low state low to high on Fuse input release outputs without delays, if the outputs were low for minimum the Time CD_T Input M_Enable have the same effect as Fuse on the 2 previous points alarm message is generated if the Fuse input is low state message is generated if input M_Enable is low 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 29/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt Feedback loop enabled by additional input EnFbl. If not enabled, both feedback input can be either FALSE or TRUE fix value If the feedback loops are used, then an alarm message is shown after the transition of an output without transition of feedback loop. The check is done with a delay Delay time for feedback loop check, is an additional input FblD_T Alarm messages are generated if the feedback loops don't work properly, but don't influence the motor behaviour. The programmer who uses this block must be able to decide if this is a dangerous alarm or not and act in the proper way. Static internal variables for feedback loop diagnostics: All_LowL :BOOL alarm bit in case of left output low and feedback high after the delay time All_HighL :BOOL alarm bit in case of left output high and feedback low after the delay time All_LowR :BOOL alarm bit in case of right output low and feedback high after the delay time All_HighR :BOOL alarm bit in case of right output high and feedback low after the delay time 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt All the feedback loop alarms are automatically reset when the corresponding output switches are in the opposite state. 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 30/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt Recommended printer settings 448 pt 462 pt Adobe Acrobat Reader ( www.adobe.com ) 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt PDF-XChange Viewer ( www.docu-track.com ) 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 31/32 14 pt 28 pt 42 pt Application Note No. 1002012_EN_02 56 pt PAS4000 PAS4000 Software Blocks 70 pt 84 pt 98 pt 112 pt 126 pt 140 pt 154 pt 168 pt 182 pt 196 pt 210 pt 224 pt 238 pt 252 pt 266 pt 280 pt 294 pt 308 pt 322 pt 336 pt 350 pt 364 pt 378 pt 392 pt 406 pt 420 pt 434 pt 448 pt 462 pt 476 pt 490 pt 504 pt 518 pt 532 pt 546 pt 560 pt 574 pt 588 pt 602 pt 616 pt 630 pt 644 pt 658 pt 672 pt 686 pt 700 pt 714 pt 728 pt 742 pt 756 pt 770 pt 784 pt 798 pt 812 pt 826 pt Pilz GmbH & Co. KG, Felix-Wankel-Straße 2, 73760 Ostfildern, Germany Telephone: +49 711 3409-0, Telefax: +49 711 3409-133, E-Mail: pilz.gmbh@pilz.de 32/32