FA5331P /FA5332P DIP-16 FA5332P FA5331 FA5332 FA5311 FA5331/FA5332

FA5331P(M)/FA5332P(M) s Dimensions, mm SOP-16 s Block diagram 0.40±0.1 8 2.0 +0.1 10.06 0.20 0.05 1 0~10° s

FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) s Dimensions, mm SOP-16 s Block diagram 0.40±0.1 8 2.0 +0.1 10.06 0.20 0.05 1 0~10° s Features 1.27±0.2 0.7 DIP-16 DIP-16 FA5331P FA5331P 16 9 6.5 · Drive circuit for connecting a power MOS-FET(Io =±1.5A) · Pulse-by-pulse overcurrent and overvoltage limiting function · Output ON/OFF control function by external signals · External synchronizing signal terminal for synchronous operation with other circuits · Undervoltage malfunction prevention function · Low standby current (90µA typical) for simple start-up circuit · 16-pin package (DIP/SOP) · ±2% accuracy reference voltage for setting DC output and overvoltage protection [FA5332P FA5332P(M) only] · When there is a possibility of light-load operation, FA5332P FA5332P(M) is suitable. 9 16 1 8 19.4 1.5 0.2min 3.4 0.81 3.1min 4.3max FA5331P FA5331P(M) and FA5332P FA5332P(M) are control ICs for a power factor correction system. These ICs use the average current control system to ensure stable operation. With this system, a power factor of 99% or better can be achieved. FA5331P FA5331P(M) is a 1st generation IC and FA5332P FA5332P(M) is 2nd generation IC which light-load characteristics are improved. 5.5 7.8±0.3 s Description Bipolar IC For Power Factor Correction 7.6 0.5±0.1 2.54±0.25 +0.1 5 .0 0.3 0 5° 0~15 0~1 ° FA5332P FA5332P 9 6.3 16 0.71 Description 1 IFB IIN VDET OVP VFB VIN GND OUT VC VCC CS ON/OFF REF SYNC CT IDET Current error amplifier output 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 3.6 Pin symbol Inverting input to current error amplifier Multiplier input Overvoltage protection input Voltage error amplifier output Inverting input to voltage error amplifier Ground Output Power supply to output circuit Power supply Soft-start Output ON/OFF control input Reference voltage Oscillator synchronization input Oscillator timing capacitor and resistor Non-inverting input to current error amplifier 1.3 0.51min Pin No. 8 19.2 2.54±0.25 0.48±0.1 2.54min 5.06max 1 0~15 ° +0.1 5 0.0 0.25 7.62 5° 0~1 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) s Absolute maximum ratings Item Symbol Rating Unit FA5331P FA5331P(M) Supply voltage Output current Input voltage Total power dissipation VCC, VC 30 IO ±1.5 VSYNC, VON/OFF, VVIN 0.3 to +5.3 VVDET, VOVP VIDET Pd Storage temperature 30 850 (DIP-16 DIP-16) V ±1.5 A 0.3 to +5.3 10.0 to +5.3 V 10.0 to +5.3 *1 850 (DIP-16 DIP-16) V *1 mW 650 (SOP-16) * 2 30 to +85 °C 40 to +150 Topr Tstg 650 (SOP-16) * 2 30 to +85 (Ta=25°C) Operating temperature FA5332P FA5332P(M) 40 to +150 °C Notes: *1 Derating factor Ta > 25°C: 6.8mW/°C (on PC board) *2 Derating factor Ta > 25°C: 5.2mW/°C (on PC board) s Recommended operating conditions Item FA5331P FA5331P(M) FA5332P FA5332P(M) Min. Max. Min. Max. 10 28 10 28 V 1.0 0 1.0 0 V 0 2.0 0 2.4 V 0.65 2.0 0.65 2.4 V Oscillator timing capacitance 330 1000 pF Oscillator timing resistance 10 75 k Supply voltage IDET terminal input voltage VDET terminal input voltage VDET terminal peak input voltage Symbol VCC, VC VIDET VVDET VPVDET CT RT Oscillation frequency fOSC Noise filter resistance connected to IDET terminal Rn Unit 10 220 15 150 kHz 0 100 0 27 s Electrical characteristics (Ta=25°C, CT=470pF, RT=22k, VCC=VC=18V) Oscillator section Item Symbol Test condition FA5331P FA5331P(M) FA5332P FA5332P(M) Unit Min. Oscillation frequency fOSC Frequency variation 1 (due to supply voltage change) fdV Frequency variation 1 (due to temperature change) fdT VOSC VSYNC Output peak voltage Synchronizing input peak voltage CT=470pF RT=22k VCC=10 to 30V Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max. 68 75 82 75 82 68 kHz 1 1 3 % 5 5 8 % 3.55 Ta=30 to +85°C 3.55 SYNC terminal voltage 1.5 V 1.5 V FA5332P FA5332P(M) Unit Voltage error amplifier section Item Symbol Test condition Reference voltage Output voltage Vr IBE AVE VOE+ No load Output source current VOE IOE+ VOE=0V FA5331P FA5331P(M) Min. Input bias current Open-loop voltage gain Typ. Max. Min. 1.48 1.54 1.60 500 50 Max. 500 50 80 3.5 Typ. 1.519 1.550 1.581 V nA 80 3.8 50 900 3.5 200 dB 3.8 50 900 V 200 mV µA 2 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) Current error amplifier section Item Symbol Test condition FA5331P FA5331P(M) Min. Input threshold voltage VTH IDET Input bias current IBC Open-loop voltage gain AVC VOC+ VOC IOC+ Output voltage Output source curent Typ. FA5332P FA5332P(M) Max. Min. VDET=0V VFB= Vr, Rn=30 IDET=0V 350 230 80 No load 3.5 Max. 30 60 3.8 mV 350 250 150 µA 80 50 VIFB=0V 0 Unit Typ. 3.5 200 dB 3.8 50 900 V 200 mV µA 900 Reference voltage section Item Symbol Test condition Output voltage Voltage variation 1 (by supply voltage variation) VREF VRDV VCC=10 to 30V Voltage variation 2 (by load change) VRDT IOR=0.1 to 2mA Symbol Test condition FA5331P FA5331P(M) FA5332P FA5332P(M) Unit Min. Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max. 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.2 V 25 mV 5 mV 4.8 25 2 2 Multiplier section Item FA5331P FA5331P(M) Min. VDET terminal input voltage VFB terminal input voltage Output current Output voltage coefficient VMVDET VMVFB IM K Typ. FA5332P FA5332P(M) Max. Min. Typ. Unit Max. 0 2.0 0 2.4 V 1.5 3.5 1.5 3.5 V 65 65 µA 1.0 VIIN=0V 1.0 Pulse width modulation circuit section Item Symbol Maximum duty cycle Test condition DMAX FA5331P FA5331P(M) FA5332P FA5332P(M) Unit Min. Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max. 89 92 95 92 95 89 % Output circuit section Item Symbol Test condition FA5331P FA5331P(M) Min. Output voltage Rise time Fall time VOL VOH IO=100mA IO=100mA VCC=18V tr tr Test condition Unit 15.5 Max. Min. Typ. Max. 1.3 No load No load Symbol FA5332P FA5332P(M) Typ. 1.8 1.3 1.8 16.5 15.5 V 16.5 V 300 300 ns 200 200 ns Soft-start circuit section Item FA5331P FA5331P(M) Min. Typ. FA5332P FA5332P(M) Max. Min. Typ. Unit Max. Input threshold voltage VTHCSO Duty cycle=0% 0.1 0.1 V Duty cycle=DMAX 3.55 3.55 V Charge current VTHCSM ICHG CS terminal=0V 10 10 µA 3 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) Overvoltage protection circuit section Item Symbol Test condition FA5331P FA5331P(M) FA5332P FA5332P(M) Input threshold voltage VTHOVP Input threshold voltage/reference voltage(VTHOVP/ Vr) Delay time Typ. Max. Min. 1.56 1.64 1.72 1.617 1.650 1.683 V TPDOVP OVP terminal voltage 1.044 1.065 1.086 200 Typ. Unit Min. Max. 200 ns Overcurrent limiting circuit section Item Symbol Test condition FA5331P FA5331P(M) Min. Input threshold voltage VTHOCP Delay time TPDOCP IDET terminal voltage Typ. FA5332P FA5332P(M) Max. Min. Typ. Unit Max. 1.25 1.15 1.05 1.20 1.10 1.00 V 200 200 ns Output ON/OFF circuit section Item Symbol Test condition FA5331P FA5331P(M) FA5332P FA5332P(M) Threshold voltage VTHONOFF Ta=30°C Typ. Max. Min. 3.7 4.3 V Ta=+25°C ITHON Max. 3.5 2.8 3.4 V 1.5 2.8 V ON/OFF terminal voltage=3.5V 60 120 µA ON/OFF terminal voltage=VTHONOFF Input current at ON 2.0 Ta=+85°C Typ. Unit Min. 10 40 µA Undervoltage lockout circuit section Item Symbol OFF to ON threshold voltage Test condition VTHUON ITHUOFF VUHYS FA5331P FA5331P(M) FA5332P FA5332P(M) Unit Min. ON to OFF threshold voltage Voltage hysteresis Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max. 14.3 15.3 16.3 14.6 15.3 16.0 V 7.6 8.3 9.0 7.6 8.3 9.0 V 7.0 7.0 V Overall device Item Symbol Test condition FA5331P FA5331P(M) Min. Standby current ICCST Operating-state supply current ICCOP ICCOFF OFF-state supply current FA5332P FA5332P(M) Unit Pin 12=0V Max. Min. Typ. Max. 90 140 90 140 µA 10 VCC=14V Typ. 15 10 15 mA 1.1 1.8 1.1 1.8 mA 4 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) s Description of each circuit 13 REF 1. Oscillator section This section outputs sawtooth waves oscillating between 0.15 and 3.55V using the capacitor charge and discharge characteristics. Figure 1 shows how to connect the required external components to this circuit. The oscillation frequency is determined by the CT and RT values. The relationship between the CT and RT values is shown in characteristic curves. Pin 14 (SYNC) is a synchronizing input terminal whose threshold voltage is about 1V. As Fig. 1 shows, input rectangular synchronizing signal waves to pin 14 through an RC circuit. Set the free-running frequency about 10% lower than the synchronizing signal frequency. Connect a clamp diode (D1) to prevent an unwanted current inside the IC. RT 15 CT OSC CT R 14 Csy SYNC D1 Fig. 1 Oscillator 2. Voltage error amplifier and overvoltage limiting circuit The voltage error amplifier forms a voltage feedback loop to keep the output voltage stable. The positive input terminal of this amplifier is connected to the reference voltage (Vr). Fig. 2 shows how to connect the required external components to this circuit. The output voltage (Vo) is as follows: . (1) Vo = R1 + R2 · Vr R1 Vo C1 R2 5 R4 R3 ER.AMP _ A1 + 6 R1 FA5331 FA5331: Vr=1.54V(typ.) FA5332 FA5332: Vr=1.55V(typ.) Vr Connect a resistor and a capacitor in parallel across error amplifier output pin 5 and error amplifier negative input pin 6 to set the voltage gain (Av). The Av value is as follows: Av = R4 R3 ( 1 + j C1 · R4 ) 1 2 C1 · R4 . (3) If 100 or 120Hz ripples appear at the error amplifier output, the active filter does not operate stably. To ensure stable operation, set the fc value to about 1Hz. An overvoltage detection comparator (C1) is built in to limit the voltage if the output voltage exceeds the design value. The reference input voltage (Vp) is as follows: Vp = · Vr . (4) =1.065 The connections shown in Fig. 2 limit the output voltage to times the design value. 5 OVP 4 C1 F.F Vp . (2) Error amplifier cutoff frequency (fc) is as follows: fc = MUL Fig. 2 Voltage error amplifier and overvoltage limiting circuit FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) 3. Current error amplifier and overcurrent limiting circuit The current error amplifier forms a current loop to change the input circuit current into sinusoidal waves. As Fig. 3 shows, the multiplier output is connected to pin 2 (IIN ) through a resistor (RA) to input the reference current signal. Pin 16 (IDET) is a current input terminal. Design the circuit so that the voltage at pin 16 will be within the range from 0 (GND potential) to 1.0V. Connect a phase correction resistor and capacitors across pin 1 (amplifier output) and pin 2. See Fig. 4 for the expected gain characteristics of the circuit shown in Fig. 3. Here, Z= 1 . (5) 2 R5 · C3 p= 1 2 R5 · C C= C2 · C3 C2 + C3 . (6) MUL Vm R5 1 C3 10k C2 RA CURR.AMP _ A2 + 2 PWM comparator VREF RC RB 5k 15k 16 4 5V Cn Rn C2 Vocp F.F OPC Current detection Fig. 3 Current error amplifier and overcurrent limiting circuit The voltage gain (G1) between Z and P of the circuit (gain between pins 16 and 1) is given as follows: Voltage gain (dB) G1 = 20 · log10 { 0.75 ( R5 + 1) } RA . (7) Ensure an adequate phase margin by selecting C1 and C2 so that the p/z ratio is about 10. The current error amplifier output is used as an input to the comparator for PWM. G1 The overcurrent detection comparator (C2) limits an overcurrent. The threshold voltage for overcurrent detection at pin 16 is 1.15V for FA5331 FA5331 and 1.10V for FA5332 FA5332. Connect noise filters Rn and Cn to prevent the voltage at pin 16 from fluctuating due to noise, causing the comparator to malfunction. For Rn, select a resistor of up to 100 for FA5331 FA5331 and up to 27 for FA5332 FA5332. (See P64, 4. No-load operation ) Z P Frequency Fig. 4 Voltage gain-frequency CURR.AMP(A2) output Vc Oscillator output Va 4. Comparator for PWM Figure 5 shows the comparator for PWM. When the oscillator output (Va) is smaller than the current error amplifier output (Vc), the comparator output is high and the output ON signal is generated at pin 8. Pin 11 (CS) is a terminal for soft start. This terminal charges capacitor C4 with the internal constant current (10µA) for a soft start. Priority is given to Vb and Vc whichever is lower. 5. Multiplier The multiplier generates a reference current signal. Input a fully rectified sinusoidal signal voltage into pin 3 (VDET). Design the circuit to keep the peak voltage at pin 3 within a range from 0.65V to 2V for FA5331 FA5331 and 0.65V to 2.4V for FA5332 FA5332. The multiplier output voltage (Vm) is roughly given as follows (see Fig. 6): CS C4 C3 11 Vb PWM comparator 10µA Fig. 5 PWM comparator VIN ER.AMP(A1) output R7 Ve Vm = 1.25 (Ve 1.55) · Vs . (8) As Fig. 3 shows Vm is internally connected to pin 2 (IIN) of the current error amplifier A2 through a 10k resistor. (See the characteristic curve, page 66 for the input and output characteristics of the multiplier.) MUL 3 Vm Vs R6 Fig. 6 Multiplier 6 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) 6. ON/OFF control input circuit Figure 7 shows the ON/OFF control input circuit. If pin 12 is set to the high level (enable), this IC outputs pulses from the OUT pin. If pin 12 is set to the low level (disable), the internal bias power (reference voltage) goes off and the IC current consumption becomes about 1/10 that of its ON state. The output level of pin 11 (CS for soft start) also goes low. Vcc ON/OFF 12 10µA 1k 7. Output circuit As Fig. 8 shows, pin 9 is configured as the high power terminal (VC), independent of the IC power terminal (VCC). This pin allows an independent drive resistance when the power MOSFET is ON and OFF. If the drive resistances in the ON and OFF states are Rg (on) and Rg (off), the following formulas can be used to determine the total gate resistance Rg: 100k Fig. 7 ON/OFF control input circuit Rg (on) = Rg1 + Rg2 . (9) Rg (off) = Rg2 . (10) VCC In the standby state, the output level of pin 8 is held low. If the potential at the drain terminal of the power MOSFET fluctuates, the gate-drain capacitance may drive the IC output voltage at pin 8 to below 0. Once the voltage at pin 8 reaches 0.6V, an unwanted current flows in the IC and a large abnormal current flows in the output circuit when the output transistor is turned on. To prevent this, connect a Schottky diode across the gate and source of the power MOSFET. 10 Rg1 9 + Cv Pin7 Rg2 8 GND 7 Schottky diode Fig. 8 Output circuit 7 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) s Design advice 1. Start circuit Figure 9 shows a sample start circuit. Since the IC current while the Vcc pin voltage rises from 0V to VTHON is as small as 90µA (typ.), the power loss in resistor RA is small. If an additional winding is prepared in the voltage step-up inductor (L), power to the control circuit can be supplied from this circuit. However, the voltage must be stabilized by a regulator circuit (REG) to prevent an excess rise of the IC supply voltage (Vcc). Use fast or ultra-fast rectifier diodes for the rectifier circuit (DB1) of the winding for high-frequency operation. DB1 L Io RA AC input Vcc REG 16 Vin 2 · Pin . (11) Vin: Minimum AC input voltage (effective value) [V] Pin: Maximum input power [W] Since the threshold voltage of the overcurrent limiting circuit (pin 16) is 1.15V for FA5311 FA5311 for and 1.10V for FA5332 FA5332, the peak input current limit (ip) is determined by: FA5331 FA5331: ip= 1.15 . (12) Rs FA5332 FA5332: ip= 1.10 Rs 3. Voltage step-up type converter Figure 9 shows the basic circuit of a voltage step-up type converter which is used as a power factor correction. (a) Output voltage For stable operation, set the output voltage to be 10V or more over the peak value of the maximum input voltage. When using this IC for an active filter, set the output voltage (Vo) as follows: Vo 2 · Vin + 10V . (13) Vin: Maximum AC input voltage [V] (effective value of sinusoidal wave) (b) Voltage step-up inductor When using a voltage step-up converter in continuous current mode, the ratio of inductor current ripple to the input peak current is set to about 20%. Determine the inductance as follows: 2 L Vin ( Vo 2 · Vin ) · fs · Pin · Vo . (14) C CA RS FA5331/FA5332 FA5331/FA5332 7 2. Current sensing resistor The current sensing resistor (Rs) detects the current in the inductor. Rs is used to make the input current sinusoidal. The current in the inductor produces a negative voltage across Rs. The voltage is input to IC pin 16 (IDET). Determine the value of Rs so that the peak voltage of the IDET pin is 1V. Rs = 10 Fig. 9 Start circuit Example: FA5332 FA5332 When Vin is 85V and Pin is 300W, the formulas of (11) and (12) can be calculated as: Rs = ip = 85 = 0.2 [ ] 2 · 300 1.10 0.2 = 5.5 [ A ] And, R6 = 0.65 [ V ] R6 + R7 If R6 is set to 2.7k to satisfy these formulas, R7 becomes 480k. 2 · 85 · Example: When Vin is 85V, Vo is 385V, and is 0.2, the formula of (14) can be calculated as: L 2.48 ! 104 [ H ] . (15) fs · Pin (c) Smoothing capacitor When a voltage step-up converter is used in a power factor correction circuit, the input current waveform is regulated to be in-phase with the input voltage waveform. Therefore, ripple noise of twice the input line frequency appears at the output. The output voltage (o) is represented as: o = Vo Io · Sin 2 o t 2 · o ·C . (16) Vin: Minimum AC input voltage (effective value) [V] : Ratio of inductor current ripple (peak to peak value) to the input peak current (about 0.2) fs: Switching frequency [Hz] Pin: Converter's maximum input power [W] Vo: Average output voltage Io: Output current o : 2 fo (fo: Input power frequency, 50 or 60Hz) C: Smoothing capacitor value As the characteristic curves on page 66 show, the peak voltage at pin 3 should be at least 0.65V, even when the AC input voltage is minimal. Considering this, determine R6 and R7 shown in Fig. 6. Therefore, the peak-to-peak value of the output ripple voltage Vrp is given by: Io . (17) oC Using formula (17), determine the necessary C value. Vrp = 8 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) 4. No-load operation The following condition should be meet to prevent from overvoltage and audible noise during no-load or light-load operation. For FA5331 FA5331 (Fig.10) 0.85· ROFST(k) where, = 13 REF ROFST 2 IIN C3 C2 Rx FA5331 FA5331 R5 (3.5·1030.26·Rn)·12 1 IFB 42+0.26·Rn and, Rn 100 and, RX: don't connect. Current detection Rn 16 IDET ·You must not connect RX which reduces DC gain of current error amplifier. ·You can connect R5 which is series with capacitor C3. Cn For FA5332 FA5332 (Fig.11) Rn 27 and, RX: don't connect. Fig.10 ·You must not connect RX which reduces DC gain of current error amplifier. ·You can connect R5 which is series with capacitor C3. ·If you connect ROFST, dead time of AC input current will extend. 13 REF ROFST 2 IIN C3 C2 Rx FA5332 FA5332 R5 5. How to prevent from intermittent switching of low frequency An intermittent switching, which frequency is lower than 10Hz, occurs in some applications. In this case, it is possible to prevent from this intermittent switching to reduce feedback gain by decreasing the resistance of R4. (See Fig. 2) You must check the effect thoroughly because this intermittent switching depends on load, temperature and input condition. 9 1 IFB Current detection Rn 16 IDET Cn Fig.11 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) s Characteristic curves (Ta = 25°C) Oscillation frequency (fOSC ) vs. timing resistor resistance (R T) FA5331 FA5331 FA5332 FA5332 200 fosc [kHz] 100 50 CT=330pF CT=470pF 20 CT=680pF 10 20 10 100 50 RT [k] Oscillation frequency (fOSC ) vs. ambient temperature (Ta) FA5331 FA5331 FA5332 FA5332 78 77 76 fosc [kHz] 75 74 73 72 Vcc=18V CT=470pF RT=22k 71 70 69 68 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta [°C] Output duty cycle vs. CS terminal voltage (VCS ) ON/OFF control terminal current vs. ON/OFF control terminal voltage 10 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) IIN terminal voltage vs. VDET terminal voltage Multiplier I/O FA5331 FA5331 FA5332 FA5332 1.4 VFB=1.5V VFB=1.7V 0.8 VFB=2.0V B= 3.0 B= 0.4 V 2.5 B= V VF 0.6 VF IIN terminal voltage [V] VFB=1.6V 1.0 VF IIN terminal voltage [V] 1.2 3.5 V 0.2 0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 VDET terminal voltage [V] IDET terminal voltage vs. IIN terminal voltage Normal operation FA5331 FA5331 FA5332 FA5332 0 IDET terminal voltage [V] IDET terminal voltage [V] 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 0 0.5 1.0 IIN terminal voltage [V] H-level output voltage (VOH) vs. output source current (ISOURCE) 11 0.5 1.5 0 0.5 1.0 IIN terminal voltage [V] L-level output voltage(VOL) vs. output sink current (ISINK) 1.5 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) Overcurrent limiting threshold voltage vs. ambient temperature (Ta) FA5331 FA5331 FA5332 FA5332 Overcurrent limiting threshold voltage [V] 1.08 1.09 Vcc=18V 1.1 1.11 1.12 1.13 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta [°C] OVP terminal threshold voltage vs. ambient temperature (Ta) FA5331 FA5331 FA5332 FA5332 1.67 OVP terminal threshold voltage [V] Vcc=18V 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ta [°C] Supply current (ICC ) vs. supply voltage (VCC) Normal operation Supply current (ICC ) vs. supply voltage (VCC) OFF mode 12 FA5331P FA5331P(M)/FA5332P /FA5332P(M) s Application circuit Example of FA5331 FA5331 application circuit Example of FA5332 FA5332 application circuit Parts tolerances characteristics are not defined in the circuit design sample shown above. When designing an actual circuit for a product, you must determine parts tolerances and characteristics for safe and economical operation. 13 Fuji Semiconductor, Inc. - P.O. Box 702708 - Dallas, TX 75370 - 972-733-1700 - www.fujisemiconductor.com